1. 35-1 & 35-2 How Populations Grow
Photo Credit: © Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures, Inc.
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2. Characteristics of Populations
What characteristics are used to describe a population?
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3. Characteristics of Populations
Three important characteristics of a population are its:
geographic distribution
density
growth rate
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4. Characteristics of Populations
Geographic distribution, or range, describes the area inhabited by a population.
Population density is the number of individuals per unit area.
Growth rate is the increase or decrease of the number of individuals in a population over time.
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Population Growth
What factors affect population size?
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Population Growth
Population Growth
Three factors can affect population size:
the number of births
the number of deaths
the number of individuals that enter or leave the population
A population can grow when its birthrate is greater than its death rate.
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Population Growth
Immigration, the movement of individuals into an area, is another factor that can cause a population to grow.
Populations can increase by immigration as animals in search of mates or food arrive from outside.
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Population Growth
Emigration, the movement of individuals out of an area, can cause a population to decrease in size.
Emigration can occur when animals leave to find mates and establish new territories.
A shortage of food in one area may also lead to emigration.
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Exponential Growth
What are exponential growth and logistic growth?
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Exponential Growth
Exponential Growth
Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow exponentially.
Exponential growth occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate.
The population becomes larger and larger until it approaches an infinitely large size.
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Exponential Growth
Exponential Growth
In the presence of unlimited resources and in the absence of predation and disease, a population will grow exponentially. Both hypothetical graphs show the characteristic J-shape of exponential population growth.
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Logistic Growth
Logistic Growth
In nature, exponential growth does not continue in a population for very long.
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Logistic Growth
As resources become less available, the growth of a population slows or stops.
Logistic growth occurs when a population's growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth.
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Logistic Growth
Logistic growth is characterized by an S-shaped curve.
This graph shows the S-shaped curve of logistic growth. As resources become less available, the population growth rate slows or stops. The growth of this population has leveled off at its carrying capacity.
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Logistic Growth
Carrying Capacity
The largest number of individuals of a population that a given environment can support is called its carrying capacity.
When a population reaches the carrying capacity of its environment, its growth levels off. The average growth rate is zero.
This graph shows the S-shaped curve of logistic growth. As resources become less available, the population growth rate slows or stops. The growth of this population has leveled off at its carrying capacity.
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5-2 Limits to Growth
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5-2 Limits to Growth
Limiting Factors
What factors limit population growth?
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5-2 Limits to Growth
Limiting Factors
Limiting Factors
In the context of populations, a limiting factor is a factor that causes population growth to decrease.
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19. Density-Dependent Factors
5-2 Limits to Growth
Density-Dependent Factors
Density-Dependent Factors
A limiting factor that depends on population size is called a density-dependent limiting factor.
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20. Density-Dependent Factors
5-2 Limits to Growth
Density-Dependent Factors
Density-dependent limiting factors include:
competition
predation
parasitism
disease
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21. Density-Dependent Factors
5-2 Limits to Growth
Density-Dependent Factors
Density-dependent factors operate only when the population density reaches a certain level. These factors operate most strongly when a population is large and dense.
They do not affect small, scattered populations as greatly.
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22. Density-Dependent Factors
5-2 Limits to Growth
Density-Dependent Factors
Competition
When populations become crowded, organisms compete for food, water space, sunlight, and other essentials.
Competition among members of the same species is a density-dependent limiting factor.
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23. Density-Dependent Factors
5-2 Limits to Growth
Density-Dependent Factors
Competition can also occur between members of different species.
This type of competition can lead to evolutionary change.
Over time, the species may evolve to occupy different niches . . .
or one species will move or die out.
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24. Density-Dependent Factors
5-2 Limits to Growth
Density-Dependent Factors
Predation
Populations in nature are often controlled by predation.
The regulation of a population by predation takes place within a predator-prey relationship, one of the best-known mechanisms of population control.
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25. Density-Dependent Factors
5-2 Limits to Growth
Density-Dependent Factors
Wolf and Moose Populations on Isle Royale
The relationship between moose and wolves on Isle Royale illustrates how predation can affect population growth. In this example, the moose population was also affected by changes in food supply, and the wolf population was also affected by disease.
Moose Wolves
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26. Density-Dependent Factors
5-2 Limits to Growth
Density-Dependent Factors
Parasitism and Disease
Parasites can limit the growth of a population.
A parasite lives in or on another organism (the host) and consequently harms it.
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27. Density-Independent Factors
5-2 Limits to Growth
Density-Independent Factors
Density-Independent Factors
Density-independent limiting factors affect all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size.
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28. Density-Independent Factors
5-2 Limits to Growth
Density-Independent Factors
Examples of density-independent limiting factors include:
unusual weather
natural disasters
seasonal cycles
certain human activities—such as damming rivers and clear-cutting forests
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5-1
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5-1
Population density is the number of individuals
that are born each year.
per unit area.
that immigrate.
that emigrate.
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5-1
When the birthrate of a population exceeds its death rate, the population
decreases.
increases.
stays the same.
increases then decreases.
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5-1
An S-shaped curve on a graph of population growth is characteristic of
exponential growth.
logistic growth.
carrying capacity.
delayed growth.
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5-1
Exponential growth in a population slows down or stops as
resources become limited.
rate of immigration increases.
rate of emigration decreases.
birth rate increases.
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5-1
Exponential growth rate means that each new generation of a population
adds the same number of new individuals as the previous generation did.
increases at the same rate as the previous generation.
is the same size as the generation before.
increases by a varying amount.
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5-2
A limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways regardless of their size might be
drought.
disease.
predation.
crowding.
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5-2
Which of the following would be a limiting factor affecting the panda population of China?
programs that educate people about endangered species
capture of some pandas for placement in zoos
laws protecting habitat destruction
a disease that kills bamboo plants
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5-2
Density-dependent factors operate most strongly when a population is
large and dense.
large but sparse.
small and sparse.
small, but growing.
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5-2
Within a limited area, if the population of a predator increases, the population of its prey is likely to
increase.
decrease.
remain about the same.
become extinct.
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5-2
Which of the following is a density-independent factor affecting populations?
predation
disease
a destructive hurricane
parasites
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