1. (1) Division and differentiation in human cells
(F) Cancer Cells
(A) Somatic cells
Human Cells
(E) Uses of stem cells
(B) Differentiation in cells
(D) Germline cells
(C) Stem cells

2. Division and differentiation in human cells (a)
State the 4 main tissue types
State how organs are formed
Describe each of the 4 main tissue types
State what somatic cells are
State how somatic cells divide
Describe the type of cells which result after somatic cells divide

3. Re-cap
Types of Body Cells
You have over 200 DIFFERENT types of body cells.
Each of these are called ‘specialised’ since they each have a specialised structure that enables them to do a specific job.
TASK: match up the structure and function cards correctly.

4. Specialised Cells of Animal Tissues
Re-cap
Specialised Cells of Animal Tissues
(somatic cells)

5. Specialised Cells of Animal Tissues
Re-cap
Specialised Cells of Animal Tissues
(somatic cells)
Red blood cells
Ciliated epithelial cells
Neurone
Phagocyte
Muscle

6. Specialised Cells of Animal Tissues
Re-cap
Specialised Cells of Animal Tissues
(somatic cells)
B Lymphocyte
Smooth muscle
Hyaline cartilage

7. Specialised Cells of Animal Tissues
Re-cap
Specialised Cells of Animal Tissues
(somatic cells)
neutrophil
Ciliated epithelial cell
Red blood cell
platelets

8. Specialised Cells of Animal Tissues
Re-cap
Specialised Cells of Animal Tissues
(somatic cells)
Cardiac muscle
Squamous epithelial cells
Nerve cells
T lymphocyte

9. These are ALL differentiated cells.. AKA…
Re-cap
Type of cell
Function
Structural feature
Red blood cell
Transport of oxygen
No nucleus and biconcave to increase the surface area for transport
Neurone
Communication
Very long and has many connections
Phagocyte cell
Engulf and digest bacteria
Have many lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes
Muscle cell
contraction
Contain many mitochondria to provide energy for contraction
Ciliated epithelial cells
Sweep mucus away from respiratory tract
Contains cilia hair which rhythmically beat mucus
These are ALL differentiated cells.. AKA…

10. Somatic cells somatic cells video
A somatic cell is a differentiated cell, that forms to make body tissue.
Epithelial cells
skin cells and cells which line the body’s cavities, e.g the oesophagus and alveoli in the lungs.
Connective tissue
blood cells, bone cells, cartilage cells
Muscle cells
muscle tissue including heart muscle, peristaltic muscles in the gut and skeletal muscles
Nerve cells
spinal cord, brain and nerves.

11. How is the body organised?
Each specific cell is grouped with other cells similar in structure and function to form tissues and ultimately organs. All of our organs are formed from a combination of these somatic tissues.
Cells are the basic units of life.
Groups of cells work together to form tissues.
Groups of tissues work together to form organs.
cell
tissue
organ

12. How do so many somatic cells arise in the body?
Somatic cells divide by mitosis to form more somatic cells.
Mitosis is a form of cell division that only occurs in body cells such as somatic cells!
So sex cells will NOT undergo cell division! They will undergo a different form of cell division as they are not body cells.
mitosis recap video
somatic cell division video

13. The Stages of Cell Division
The cytoplasm divides to form 2 new daughter cells
Chromosomes line up at the equator. Spindle fibres are fully formed
Chromosomes shorten, thicken up and become visible as the nuclear membrane disappears
The nuclear membrane re-forms around each group of chromosomes
Spindle fibres pull 1 chromatid from each pair to the ‘north’ pole and the ‘south’ pole
Chromosomes in the nucleus are uncoiled and are not visible
6 – 3 – 2 – 5 – 4 - 1

14. The Stages of Cell DivisionB C D
What is the correct order of cell division?
B – A – D - C

15. Somatic cells
Somatic cells divide by mitosis to form more somatic cells.
The two new cells are called daughter cells and will have the exact same genetic information that the mother cell had.
If a parent cell had 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), it will double its genetic material before dividing.
This means that both daughter will each have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
No genetic information is lost, since all the cells are identical.
A cell with 2n is said to be diploid. (it has 2 sets of chromosomes) 2n 2n