1. Evolving Fields 2017 Dr. Abigail Graham Abigail.graham@warwick.ac.uk
The Lady doth process too much, methinks…. Experiencing the Procession of Gaius Vibius Salutaris
Evolving Fields 2017
Dr. Abigail Graham

2. Who Was Gaius Vibius Salutaris?
Roman citizen and member of the Equestrian order (Cursus is summarised: I. Eph 27 ll )
Father was known, probably owned interest earning estates near/ in Ephesos
Friends in high places:
Proconsul (103/4) C. Aquillius Proculus
Legate pro praetor P. Afranius Flavianus (103/104)
L. Nonius Calpurinus Torquatus Asprenas (procos 107/108) (I. Eph 3027 )
Marcus Arruntius Claudianus (I. Eph 620)

3. Salutaris’ Foundation: A Summary
A series of statues (9 apeikonisma to be made& carried with(at least*20 other statues (eikones) of imperial/civic entities.
These statues were to be carried in a procession from the Artemision to the theatre for assemblies, religious festivals and sporting events (and then returned)
A lottery took place on Artemis birthday at the Artemison, where various civic entities could win cash prizes.

4. The Foundation in Brief
Document 1. A cover letter by the boule: ratifying Salutaris’ proposal, honouring him, and setting out the organization of the foundation (ll ).
Document 2. The boule’s acceptance of Salutaris’ proposal, which is fully set out in detail. (ll )
Document 3. A letter from Aquillius Proculus the proconsul (ll ).
Document 4. A letter from Afranius Flavianus the legate pro praetore (ll ).
Documents 5-6. Addenda. Decress by the Boule, permitting gold bearers to carry the statues within the city from the pronaos, alongside the neopoioi and the ephebes; (ll ) and (ll )
Document 7. Salutaris’ proposal allowing special seats for the gold bearers in the theater and extra funds donated by Salutaris (ll ).

5. Location of the Theatre
Koressos Gate
Road to Artemision
Road to the Harbor
South Parodos
Triodos
Road to
Ortygia
Embolos
Road to State Agora
Magnesian Gate

6. Reconstruction of the Foundation at the British Museum

7. Writing on the Wall: An ARCHIVE? Documents in Salutaris Foundation
Document *Later
Document additions?*
Document 7

8. How Did the Ancient Viewer Understand the IMAGE OF A DOCUMENT. I
How Did the Ancient Viewer Understand the IMAGE OF A DOCUMENT? I. Eph Letter Sizes: L.1 (4cm) L2 (3cm) L2 (2.5cm)
Heading
Letter sizes
Blank lines
Margins:
Indentations

9. Document Icon/ Iconic Document: What does a Document look like?
A Heading
Blank lines
Margins:
Indentations

10. A Ponderous Matter: Statue or Statuette
A Ponderous Matter: Statue or Statuette? Using Statue Weights from the text
Artemis “apeikonismata” (silver)
Roman weight: 6 pounds= almost 2 kg
The Roman Senate “eikones” (silver)
Roman weight: 4 pounds 2 ounces= 1.4 kg
Ephesian Boule
Roman weight: 4 pounds and 9 grammes= 1.3kg
Image of Plotina (Trajan’s wife)
Roman weight: 3 pounds= .98 kg
FOR COMPARISON
Silver Berthouville Mercury Statue (incomplete), height cm weight 2.78kg.

11. An Ephesian Tale by Xenophon of Ephesus
A local festival for Artemis was underway, and from the city to her shrine, a distance of 7 stades, (2) all the local girls had to march sumptuously adorned, as did all the ephebes who were the same age as Habrocomes; he was about 16 and already enrolled in the ephebes, and he headed the procession. (3) For the spectacle there was a large crowd, both local and visiting, for it was custom at this assemblage to find husbands for girls and wives for the ephebes. (4) The procession marched along in file, first the sacred objects, torches, baskets and incense, followed by horses, dogs and hunting equipment, some of it martial, most of it peaceful<...> each girl was adorned as for a lover. (5) Heading the girls was Anthia, daughter of Megamedes and Euippe, locals, Anthia’s beauty was marvelous and far surpassed the other girls. She was 14, her body was blooming with shapeliness and the adornment of her dress enhanced her grace. (6) Her hair was blond, mostly loose, only a little of it braided and moving as the breezes took it. Her eyes were vivacious, bright like a beauty’s but forbidding like a chaste girl’s; her clothing was a belted purple tunic, knee length and falling loosely over the arms, and over it a fawnskin with a quiver attached, arrows <…>, javelins and dogs following behind (8) Often seeing her at the shrine, the Ephesians worshipped her as Artemis, as also at the sight of her on this occasion the crowd cheered; the opinions of the spectators were various, some in their astonishment declaring that she was a goddesss herself, others that she was someone fashioned by the goddess, but all of them prayed, bowed down and congratulated her parents and the universal cry among the spectators was “Anthia the beautiful”(9) As the crowd of girls passed by, no one said anything but “Anthia,” but as soon as Habrocomes followed with the ephebes, as lovely as the spectacle of the girls had been, they all forgot about them an turned their gaze him, stunned at the sight and shouting “Handsome Habrocomes, Peerless likeness of a handsome god” …”

12. Come on Barbie. Let’s go party…
Come on Barbie. Let’s go party….. Votive Statuettes: Bronze, Clay & Plastic
Votives from Temple of Nemi
(Italy, now at British Museum)
Tanagra Figurine: 24.5 cm (Paestum); Steffi doll:
30 cm; H2o bottle: 20 cm
<26.67 cm
25. 4 cm>

13. Mosaic of Iphigenia and Orestes (Rome: Museo Capitolino)

14. Wall Painting of Iphigenia at Aulis (House of the Poet, Pompeii

15. Mythological Sarcophagus: Iphigenia (Rome) now in Munich.
holding a
cult statue
Iphigenia with a cult statue

16. Coin (bronze) of Trajan Decius from Philadelphia (SNG 1065)

17. What does the Imagery of Statuettes reveal?
The objects in Salutaris’ procession, weighing ca kg, were more likely statuettes, not statues.
Their height based on known weights and depictions in Art was probably between 20-30cm.
These were not highly visible objects, esp when carried in a procession (single file?)
Focus of attention would have been on the carrier and the relationship between divine and mortals
The very act of bringing images into the city and holding them, was a way of both humanising the divine and lifting up those who carried them.

18. Map of the Procession (Feuser)

19. Building Projects @Ephesos AD 102-120: A monument To change
Theatre:
More seating
& entrances
Library of G. Julius Celsus Polemeanus
(Roman Citizen, senator, cos AD 92
Two Fountains & Aqueduc t& terminus,
oversaw Library: Tib. Cl. Aristio
(Roman Citizen)Acc. Pliny (ca. 104)
“Princeps Ephesiorum”
Baths Varius (ca. 100)
temple & latrines
monumental gate.

20. The Upper Embolos @ Ephesos

21. The Lower Embolos: How Big were these projects???

22. The Theatre at Ephesos New Seating areas added
under Domitian ca. AD 93
Vaulted
Entrances AD
Statuette bases/
VIP seats
Site of Foundation
Inscription on South Wall

23. Viewing Salutaris’ Foundation at Ephesos

24. Statuette Bases For The Karenaean Tribe. I. Eph 30 (British Museum).
Letter sizes:
l.1: 4cm
L.2: 3.cm
ll.3-24: Latin
1.5cm Latin
>1 cm Greek