Groupthink https://store.theartofservice.com/the-groupthink-toolkit.html.

Groupthink

Diversity (business) Classification of workplaces
The multicultural organization not only contains many different cultural groups, but it values this diversity. It encourages healthy conflict as a source of avoiding groupthink.

Diversity (business) Benefits
From this perspective, these unique and varying standpoints help to eradicate groupthink which can develop within a homogenous group

Bandwagon effect The bandwagon effect is a well documented form of groupthink in behavioral science and has many applications.[which?] The general rule is that conduct or beliefs spread among people, as fads and trends clearly do, with "the probability of any individual adopting it increasing with the proportion who have already done so". As more people come to believe in something, others also "hop on the bandwagon" regardless of the underlying evidence.

Group decision making There is much debate as to whether this difference results in decisions that are better or worse. According to the idea of synergy, decisions made collectively tend to be more effective than decisions made by a single individual. However, there are also examples where the decisions made by a group are flawed, such as the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the incident on which the Groupthink model of group decision making is based.

Group decision making - Group Decision Making in Psychology
The social identity approach suggests a more general approach to group decision making than the popular Groupthink model which is a narrow look at situations where group decision making is flawed

Group cohesiveness - Cohesion and Conformity Pressures
The theory of groupthink suggests that the pressures hinder the group from critically thinking about the decisions it is making

Scientific method The peer review process can have limitations when considering research outside the conventional scientific paradigm: problems of "groupthink" can interfere with open and fair deliberation of some new research.

Social psychology - Group dynamics
Janis offered the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion as a historical case of groupthink.

Nineteen Eighty-Four - Cultural impact
Doublespeak and groupthink are both deliberate elaborations of doublethink, while the adjective "Orwellian" denotes "characteristic and reminiscent of George Orwell's writings" especially Nineteen Eighty-Four

Diffusion of responsibility - Conditions
In a group of people who, through action or inaction, allow events to occur which they would never allow if they were alone. This is referred to as groupthink and groupshift.

Pseudoscience - Personalization of issues
Tight social groups and authoritarian personality, suppression of dissent, and groupthink can enhance the adoption of beliefs that have no rational basis. In attempting to confirm their beliefs, the group tends to identify their critics as enemies.

Political psychology - Decision-making in groups
Janis (1972) introduced the notion of Groupthink that advocates an increased chance of groups making faulty decisions under several conditions; strong group cohesion, isolation of group decision from public review, the presence of a directive leader in the group, and high stress levels

Index of psychology articles - G
Ganser syndrome - Gaze - Gender identity - Gender identity disorder - Gender narcissism - Gender role - General adaptation syndrome - General intelligence factor - Generalized anxiety disorder - Genetic predisposition - Genie (feral child) - Genital stage - Genophobia - Geon (psychology) - Germaphobia - Geschwind–Galaburda hypothesis - Gestalt psychology - Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy - Gestalt therapy - Global aphasia - Glossophobia - Gnosology - God helmet - Grand mal epilepsy - Grandiose delusions - Grandiosity - Gratification - Gratitude - Graz School - Greed - Gregariousness - Grief - Grounding (punishment) - Group attribution error - Group Dynamics (Myers-Briggs) - Group dynamics - Group intelligence - Group polarization - Group psychological abuse - Group psychotherapy - Group-serving bias - Group synergy - Groupthink - Guilt - Guilty but mentally ill - Gustation - Gymnophobia - Gyrus

Social influence - Status
Additionally, pressure to maintain one's reputation and not be viewed as fringe may increase the tendency to agree with the group, known as groupthink

Anti-pattern - Project management
Groupthink: During groupthink, members of the group avoid promoting viewpoints outside the comfort zone of consensus thinking

Digg - Mob mentality This error has been attributed to the wisdom of the crowd, where the collective opinion of individuals is given greater weight than a single expert. Another explanation is groupthink, which differs by requiring independence among its nodes.

Group think 'Groupthink' is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people, in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an incorrect or deviant decision-making outcome. Group members try to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative ideas or viewpoints, and by isolating themselves from outside influences.

Group think Antecedent factors such as group cohesiveness, faulty group structure, and situational context (e.g., community panic) play into the likelihood of whether or not groupthink will impact the decision-making process.

Group think Groupthink is a construct of social psychology, but has an extensive reach and influences literature in the fields of communication studies, political science, management, and organizational theory, as well as important aspects of deviant religious cult behaviour.

Group think Most of the initial research on groupthink was conducted by Irving Janis, a research psychologist from Yale University. Janis published an influential book in 1972, which was revised in Group think#Recent developments|Later studies have evaluated and reformulated his groupthink model.

Group think - History Irving Janis pioneered the initial research on the groupthink theory. He does not cite Whyte, but coined the term by analogy with doublethink and similar terms that were part of the newspeak vocabulary in George Orwell's novel In his first writing on groupthink in 1971, he defined the term as follows:

Group think - History He concluded that in each of these cases, the decisions occurred largely because of groupthink, which prevented contradictory views from being expressed and subsequently evaluated.

Group think - History After the publication of Janis' book Victims of Groupthink in 1972, and a revised edition with the title Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes in 1982,

Group think - History One can most likely explain this lack of follow-up in that group research is difficult to conduct, groupthink has many independent and dependent variables, and it is unclear how to translate [groupthink's] theoretical concepts into observable and measurable constructs.

Group think - History Nevertheless, outside research psychology and sociology, wider culture has come to detect groupthink (somewhat fuzzily defined) in observable situations, for example:

Group think - History * [...] critics of Twitter point to the predominance of the hive mind in such social media, the kind of groupthink that submerges independent thinking in favor of conformity to the group, the collective

Group think - History This is seen in the phenomenon of 'groupthink', alleged to have occurred, notoriously, during the Bay of Pigs fiasco.

Group think - History * Groupthink by Compulsion [...] [G]roupthink at least implies voluntarism. When this fails, the organization is not above outright intimidation. [...] In [a nationwide telecommunications company], refusal by the new hires to cheer on command incurred consequences not unlike the indoctrination and brainwashing techniques associated with a Soviet-era gulag.

Group think - Symptoms To make groupthink testable, Irving Janis devised eight symptoms indicative of groupthink.

Group think - Symptoms That is, consensus-driven decisions are the result of the following practices of groupthinkingKamau, C

Janis prescribed three antecedent conditions to groupthink.
Group think - Causes Janis prescribed three antecedent conditions to groupthink.

Group think - Causes This means that high cohesion will lead to groupthink only if one or both of the other antecedents is present, situational context being slightly more likely than structural faults to produce groupthink.

Group think - Prevention
As observed by Aldag Fuller (1993), the groupthink phenomenon seems to consistently uphold the following principles:

#Groupthink prevents these benefits due to structural faults and provocative situational context

It is, therefore, considered by many to be important to combat the effects of groupthink.

According to Janis, decision making groups are not necessarily destined to groupthink. He devised ways of preventing groupthink:

Kennedy sought to avoid groupthink during the Cuban Missile Crisis using vigilant appraisal

Group think - Empirical findings and meta-analysis
It has been incredibly difficult to test groupthink in the laboratory because it removes groups from real social situations, which changes the variables conducive or inhibitive to groupthink. Because of its subjectivity, researchers have struggled to measure groupthink as a complete phenomenon. Instead, they often opt to measure particular factors of the groupthink phenomenon. These factors range from causal to effectual and focus on group and situational aspects.

These findings refute Janis' claim about group cohesiveness predicting groupthink.

Group homogeneity and group insulation are generally supported as factors predictive of groupthink.

Group think - Politics and military
Political case studies of groupthink serve to illustrate the impact that the occurrence of groupthink can have in today's political scene.

Group think - Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis
The United States Bay of Pigs Invasion of April 1961 was the primary case study that Janis used to formulate his theory of groupthink

Group think - Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis
Janis claimed the fiasco that ensued could have been prevented if the Kennedy administration had followed the methods to preventing groupthink adopted during the Cuban Missile Crisis of October In the latter crisis, essentially the same political leaders were involved in decision-making, but this time they learned from their previous mistake of seriously under-rating their opponents.

Group think - Pearl Harbor
The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 is a prime example of groupthink

Group think - Swissair's collapse
This phenomenon is called group homogeneity, which is an antecedent to groupthink

Group think - Marks Spencer and British Airways
Management Communication: The threat of Groupthink

Group think - Sports Koerber and Neck suggest that three groupthink symptoms can be found in the decision-making process of the MLUA

Group think - Ubiquity model
This model provides a revised set of antecedents for groupthink, including Social identity|social identification, salient Norm (sociology)|norms, and low self-efficacy.

Group think - General group problem-solving (GGPS) model
The primary difference between the GGPS model and groupthink is that the former is more value neutral and political oriented.

Group think - Reexamination
Kramer concludes that Janis' explanation of the two military issues is flawed and that groupthink has much less influence on group decision-making than is popularly believed to be.

Group think - Reformulation
Together, the contributions of these scholars have brought about new understandings of groupthink that help reformulate Janis' original model.

Group think - Sociocognitive theory
According to a new theory many of the basic characteristics of groupthink - e.g., strong cohesion, indulgent atmosphere, and exclusive ethos - are the result of a special kind of mnemonic encoding (Tsoukalas, 2007). Members of tightly knit groups have a tendency to represent significant aspects of their community as episodic memories and this has a predictable influence on their group behavior and collective ideology.

Mindset This phenomenon is also sometimes described as mental inertia, groupthink, or a paradigm, and it is often difficult to counteract its effects upon analysis and decision making processes.

Majority rule - Erroneous priorities
EPE is a negative consequence of phenomena such as Spreadthink and Groupthink

Risk - Human factors All Decision theory#Choice under uncertainty|decision-making under uncertainty must consider cognitive bias, cultural bias, and notational bias: No group of people assessing risk is immune to groupthink: acceptance of obviously wrong answers simply because it is socially painful to disagree, where there are conflicts of interest.

Collaborative intelligence - Business applications
(1982) Groupthink: Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascos

Consensus decision-making - Consensus is not Groupthink
Detecting groupthink: Methods for observing the illusion of unanimity

Some consider all unanimity a form of groupthink, and some experts [ propose coding systems...for detecting the illusion of unanimity symptom

*Abilene paradox: Consensus decision-making is susceptible to all forms of groupthink, the most dramatic being the Abilene paradox. In the Abilene paradox, a group can unanimously agree on a course of action that no individual member of the group desires because no one individual is willing to go against the perceived will of the decision-making body.

Group dynamics - Group influence on individual behavior
These include decisions related to ingroup bias, persuasion (see Asch conformity experiments), obedience (see Milgram Experiment), and groupthink

Organizational culture - Strong/weak cultures
In fact, groupthink is very common and happens all the time, in almost every group

Political privacy - Anonymous authorship of political opinions
From classic to modern times, anonymity has proven an effective counter to groupthink - ossified mind-sets that very often become politically dangerous

Collective intelligence - Dimensions
Atlee feels that collective intelligence can be encouraged to overcome 'groupthink' and individual cognitive bias in order to allow a collective to cooperate on one process—while achieving enhanced intellectual performance

Collective intelligence - Dimensions
Groupthink often hampers collective intelligence by limiting input to a select few individuals or filtering potential Golden Suggestions without fully developing them to implementation.

Suggestion box Gathering employee comments with a suggestion box can also be fruitful, especially in groupthink-prone environments and within a corporate culture that adheres to a shoot the messenger mentality. However, as with the use of anonymous suggestion forms from the public, allowing unsigned comments may sacrifice accountability and make the feedback system prone to abuse.

Stock market - Behavior of the stock market
Another phenomenon—also from psychology—that works against an objectivity (philosophy)|objective assessment is Groupthink|group thinking. As social animals, it is not easy to stick to an opinion that differs markedly from that of a majority of the group. An example with which one may be familiar is the reluctance to enter a restaurant that is empty; people generally prefer to have their opinion validated by those of others in the group.

Think tanks - Criticism
A policy institute is often a tank, in the intellectual sense: discussion only in a sheltered group protected from outside influence isolates the participants, subjects them to several cognitive biases (groupthink, confirmation bias) and fosters members' existing beliefs. This results in surprisingly radical and even unfeasible ideas being published. Many think tanks, however, purposefully attempt to alleviate this problem by selecting members from diverse backgrounds.

Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything - Reception
A review of this book in the Harvard Business Review states like its title, the book's prose can fall into breathless hype.Harvard Business Review, March 2007 v85 i3 p34(1) A review of this book in Choice recommends the book for general readers and practitioners, but cautions that the authors present an optimistic overview of successful collaborations and business ventures, use unique terms (e.g., marketocracy, prosumption, knowledge commons), should have given more consideration [to] the darker sides of human motivation as well as groupthink and mass mediocrity, and primarily draw on their own observations of businesses and trends for the ideas presented..Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries, August 2007 v44 i12 p2147

Focus group - Problems and criticism
Other common (and related) criticism involve groupthink and social desirability bias.

Central Bank - Banking supervision and other activities
Any cartel of banks is particularly closely watched and controlled. Most countries control bank mergers and are wary of concentration in this industry due to the danger of groupthink and runaway lending bubbles based on a single point of failure, the credit culture of the few large banks.

Tenure (academic) - Criticisms of the tenure process
The tenured faculty also usually can control appointments which contributes to political correctness and groupthink.The Faculty Lounges and Other Reasons Why You Won’t Get the College Education You Paid For, The Faculty Lounges and Other Reasons Why You Won’t Get the College Education You Paid For, Ivan R Dee, 2011

Gated community - Criticism
A commentary in the New York Times specifically blames the gated communities for the Shooting of Trayvon Martin|shooting death of Trayvon Martin as the columnist states that ... gated communities churn a vicious cycle by attracting like-minded residents who seek shelter from outsiders and whose physical seclusion then worsens paranoid groupthink against outsiders.

Intelligence cycle management - UK Government and Iraq
To be sure, they found that a measure of groupthink had been at work—in looking for evidence to corroborate the suspicions that the JIC had insisted on sustaining despite a lack of hard evidence (a long-recognized, inherent risk of the JIC system’s collegial methods) and a tendency to overcompensate for the optimistic assessments of the limits of Iraqi nuclear developments discredited after the first Gulf War.

Intelligence cycle management - Failures in analysis
Another serious problem to be avoided is mindset or groupthink

Probability - Applications
The theory of behavioral finance emerged to describe the effect of such groupthink on pricing, on policy, and on peace and conflict.Singh, Laurie (2010) Whither Efficient Markets? Efficient Market Theory and Behavioral Finance

Workplace democracy - Limits of management
Many organizations began by the 1960s to realize that tight control by too few people was creating groupthink, Turnover (employment)|turnover in staff and a loss of morale among qualified people helpless to appeal what they saw as misguided, uninformed, or poorly thought out decisions

Irving Janis 'Irving Lester Janis' (May 26, 1918 – November 15, 1990) was a research psychologist at Yale University and a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley most famous for his theory of groupthink which described the systematic errors made by groups when making collective decisions.

Irving Janis - Career Janis also made important contributions to the study of group dynamics. He did extensive work in the area of “groupthink,” which describes the tendency of some groups to try to minimize conflict and reach consensus without sufficiently testing, analyzing, and evaluating their ideas. His work suggested that pressures for conformity restrict the thinking of the group, bias its analysis, promote simplistic and stereotyped thinking, and stifle individual creative and independent thought.

Irving Janis - Career Janis wrote or co-wrote more than a dozen books, including Psychological Stress (1958), Victims of Groupthink (1972), Decision Making (1977), Groupthink (1982), and Crucial Decisions (1989).

Command hierarchy - Problems
However, people of such compatible views often have similar systemic biases because they are from the same culture. Such problems as groupthink or willingness to accept one standard of evidence internal to the group, but require drastically higher evidence from outside, are common.

Social psychology (psychology) - Group dynamics
Janis offered the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion as a historical case of groupthink.

Pseudoscientific - Personalization of issues
* Tight social groups and authoritarian personality, suppression of dissent, and groupthink can enhance the adoption of beliefs that have no rational basis. In attempting to confirm their beliefs, the group tends to identify their critics as enemies.

Tone at the top - Scandals at Fannie Mae
Former OFHEA head Armando Falcon attributed Fannie Mae's problems to the arrogance and huge egos of senior management, saying it was always just groupthink and if you ever raised a dissenting voice, your career would be over

Transactive memory 'Transactive memory' is a psychological hypothesis first proposed by Daniel Wegner in 1985 as a response to earlier theories of Collective intelligence|group mind such as groupthink.Wegner, D

Group Emotion - Emotional variance
Homogeneity might lead to groupthink and hamper performance

Workplace diversity - Benefits
From this perspective, these unique and varying standpoints help to eradicate groupthink which can develop within a homogenous group

Group decision-making - Group decision-making in psychology
The social identity approach suggests a more general approach to group decision-making than the popular Groupthink model which is a narrow look at situations where group decision-making is flawed

The Wisdom of Crowds - In popular culture
Groups thus fall into groupthink where they increasingly make decisions based on influence of each other and are thus less accurate

Text and conversation theory - Weakness
*Groupthink: failure to consider decision alternatives

Stock market bubble Behavioral finance theory attributes stock market bubbles to cognitive biases that lead to groupthink and herd behavior

Personality testing - Application to non-clinical samples
Critics have raised issues about the ethics of administering personality tests, especially for non-clinical uses. By the 1960s, tests like the MMPI were being given by companies to employees and applicants as often as to psychiatric patients. Sociologist William H. Whyte was among those who saw the tests as helping to create and perpetuate the oppressive groupthink of The Organization Man mid-20th century corporate capitalism|corporate capitalistic mentality.

Higher education in the United States - Political views
The study also found that more women, practicing Christians, and Republicans were employed to teach at lower ranked schools than would be expected from their professional accomplishments, measured objectively.College Faculties A Most Liberal Lot, Study Finds, Howard Kurtz, Tuesday, March 29, 2005 Washington Post One conservative critic has suggested that liberal Groupthink explains why liberals appear to be overrepresented.Groupthink in Academia: Majoritarian Departmental Politics and the Professional Pyramid

Women in computing - Benefits of Gender Diversity
On a similar note, it has been argued that the inclusion of women in computing will mitigate innovation-hindering effects such as groupthink by preventing the group from becoming too homogenized

Consensus - Consensus is not Groupthink
Detecting groupthink: Methods for observing the illusion of unanimity

Anticipatory democracy
To do this anticipation, prediction markets and other risk management techniques may be embedded into bureaucracies and agencies to overcome the groupthink inherent in such bodies, which makes it quite difficult for them to anticipate uncomfortable future events. The FutureMAP program of the Information Awareness Office program of the United States of America|United States government proposed a prediction market prior to its cancellation on July 29, 2003.

Self-monitoring - Applicability to social psychology theory
This can can be a problem if a culture of Groupthink is part of the organizations decision making processHigh self-monitors are more motivated to attain high social status than low self-monitors

Henry Louis Gates - Ending the Slavery Blame-Game op-ed
The enemy of individuality is groupthink, Gates says, and here he holds everyone accountable

Conformity This is often referred to as groupthink: a pattern of thought characterized by self-deception, forced manufacture of consent, and conformity to group values and ethics, which ignores realistic appraisal of other courses of action

Gullibility - Examples
Greenspan argues that a related process of self-deception and groupthink factored into the planning of the Vietnam War and the Second Iraq War

Self-organization - Self-organization in human society
Examples such as Critical mass (sociodynamics)|critical mass, herd behaviour, groupthink and others, abound in sociology, economics, behavioral finance and anthropology.[ cmol.nbi.dk] Interactive models The theory of human social self-organization is also known as spontaneous order theory.

Psychosocial hypothesis - Origin
Allen Greenfield confessed in Magonia in 1979 he had become disenchanted with the divisive emotionality and groupthink of ufo culture and worried about the influence of belief he eventually saw in his early work advocating the ETH

Extremism - Theories of extremism
Laird Wilcox identifies 21 alleged traits of a political extremist, ranging from behaviour like a tendency to character assassination, over hateful behaviour like name calling and labelling, to general character traits like a tendency to view opponents and critics as essentially evil, a tendency to substitute intimidation for argument or groupthink.

Group-think 'Groupthink' is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people, in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome. Group members try to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints, by actively suppressing dissenting viewpoints, and by isolating themselves from outside influences.

Group-think Furthermore groupthink can produce dehumanizing actions against the outgroup.

Group-think Groupthink is sometimes stated to occur (more broadly) within natural groups within the community, for example to explain the lifelong different mindsets of conservatives versus liberals.,Sherman, Mark (2011, March 10)

Group-think - Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis
Janis claimed the fiasco that ensued could have been prevented if the Kennedy administration had followed the methods to preventing groupthink adopted during the Cuban Missile Crisis, which took place just one year later in October In the latter crisis, essentially the same political leaders were involved in decision-making, but this time they learned from their previous mistake of seriously under-rating their opponents.

Suicide attack - Profile of attackers
That is, it is usually a matter of following one's friends, and ending up in environments that foster groupthink

Bay of Pigs Invasion - C.I.A. report
In later years, the C.I.A's behavior in the event became the prime example cited for the psychology paradigm known as groupthink syndrome.

Antipattern The term was popularized three years later by the book AntiPatterns, which extended its use beyond the field of software design and into general social interaction and may be used informally to refer to any commonly reinvented but bad solution to a problem. Examples include analysis paralysis, cargo cult programming, death march (software development)|death march, groupthink and vendor lock-in.

Antipattern - Organizational
*Groupthink: A collective state where group members begin to often unknowingly think alike and reject differing viewpoints

Deletionpedia - Reception
The Wall Street Journal, August 8, 2008 The Industry Standard calls it “a [would-be] fine research project for sociology students to study what groupthink does when applied to a community-built compendium of knowledge”.[ Deletionpedia: Where Wikipedia entries go to die], by Cyndy Aleo-Carreira

Moderation system - User moderation
On sufficiently specialized websites, user moderation will often lead to groupthink, in which any opinion that is in disagreement with the website's established principles (no matter how sound or well-phrased) will very likely be modded down and censored, leading to the perpetuation of the groupthink mentality. This is often confused with Internet Troll|trolling.

Normal accident And other phenomena, such as groupthink, can also be occurring at the same time, for real-world accidents almost always have multiple causes, and not just the single cause that could have prevented the accident at the very last minute

Lord of the Flies - Background
At an allegory|allegorical level, the central theme is the conflicting human impulses toward civilization—living by rules, peacefully and in harmony—and toward the will to power. Themes include the tension between groupthink and individuality, between rational and emotional reactions, and between morality and immorality. How these play out, and how different people feel the influences of these, form a major subtext of Lord of the Flies.

Abilene paradox - Explanation
In Sims' view, groupthink is a psychological phenomenon affecting clarity of thought, where in the Abilene paradox thought is unaffected.

Abilene paradox - Explanation
Like groupthink theories, the Abilene paradox theory is used to illustrate that groups not only have problems managing disagreements, but that agreements may also be a problem in a poorly functioning group.

Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight - The Mars 500 Program
“Groupthink” on a mission to Mars: Results from a 520 days space simulation study

List of Newspeak words - Words incorrectly attributed to Orwell's Newspeak
The word doublespeak is often incorrectly attributed to Orwell. It was actually coined in the early 1950s, and does not appear in Nineteen Eighty-Four, but its meaning forms a natural parallel to the Newspeak word doublethink. The word groupthink, another word using a Newspeak-like pattern, was coined in by William H. Whyte. See also Double-talk|doubletalk.

Dumb agent theory His argument states that if market decisions were made independently of each other, and with the sole goal of being correct (as opposed to being in line with what others are choosing), then the markets would produce the best choice possible and eliminate biases such as groupthink, the bandwagon effect and the Abilene paradox.

John Negroponte - Director of National Intelligence (2005ndash;2007)
Progress made included the White House approval of more than 30 DNI recommendations on improving the flow of intelligence and terrorism data to state and local authorities; requiring intelligence agencies to accept each other's clearance; open[ing] up the analytic process to new ideas and new people to prevent groupthink – and the creation of an analytic ombudsman; the establishment of an Open Source center, designed to broaden the flow of ideas to analysts; and more red teams to challenge conventional thinking.

Multiple mindguards are frequently present in groupthink situations

::• other techniques http://www.stanford.edu/~kcook/groupthink.html
Mindguard ::• other techniques

William H. Whyte - Biography
In 1952, Whyte coined the term Groupthink:Fortune. pp. 114–117, 142, 146. (March 1952)

William H. Whyte - Biography
Groupthink being a coinage - and, admittedly, a loaded one - a working definition is in order. We are not talking about mere instinctive conformity - it is, after all, a perennial failing of mankind. What we are talking about is a rationalized conformity - an open, articulate philosophy which holds that group values are not only expedient but right and good as well.

Woozle effect - Origin of the term, definition of the effect, and related notions
Dutton sees the woozle effect as an example of confirmation bias and links it to belief perseverance and groupthink

No soap radio - Sociology
The trick is an example of anti-humor. Of the outcomes listed, false understanding is the most desirable to the conspirators. The scenario resulting from false understanding is a demonstration of groupthink and peer pressure – the need to conform to one's peers. Despite the fact that the entire joke has no hidden meaning, nothing to get and no real punchline at all, the key is the conspirators laughing at it anyway.

Groupshift - Overview This idea seems to correlate quite well with the basic principles of groupthink, which is a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive group, when the members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action.

Groupshift - Overview Groupshift can be seen to be evident within groupthink as a sub-set of typical thinking patterns that occur in group situations and can be observed in society in situations such as student bodies, government, sporting teams and jury|juries...

General Group Problem Solving (GGPS) Model - Beyond groupthink
Beyond fiasco: A reappraisal of the groupthink phenomenon and a new model of group decision processes

General Group Problem Solving (GGPS) Model - The original groupthink model
Victims of groupthink

General Group Problem Solving (GGPS) Model - The original groupthink model
All this suggests that the original groupthink model was proposed for a rather specific situation, and Janis states that we can only call a phenomenon groupthink if all the warning signs are present (see Groupthink#Symptoms|groupthink symptoms).

General Group Problem Solving (GGPS) Model - The GGPS-model
The GGPS-model (developed by Ramon Aldag and Sally Fuller) broadens the perspectives, incorporating elements of the original groupthink model, in a fashion that creates a more widely applicable schematic.

1. The GGPS model presents elements of the group problem-solving process in a value-neutral manner. The groupthink model is restrictive and deterministic in the sense that numerous elements are phrased to suggest that certain aspects of the process are pathological, such as ”too few alternatives”. The GGPS model suggests no such assumptions in its terms, and recasts this term as ”number of alternatives”.

2. Fuller and Aldag argue that a comprehensive model has to reflect the political environment of the real world and real workplaces. Thus, the GGPS model considers a larger set of antecedents than the groupthink model, among these are group type, leader power, organizational political norms etc.

Symbiotic intelligence - Dimensions
Groupthink often hampers collective intelligence by limiting input to a select few individuals or filtering potential Golden Suggestions without fully developing them to implementation.

Henry Louis Gates, Jr. - Ending the Slavery Blame-Game op-ed
The enemy of individuality is groupthink, Gates says, and here he holds everyone accountable

Armond White - Evaluations by others
fanboys and groupthink on 'Toy Story 3']

Enemies & Allies - Enemies as a function of social science
For example, group polarization may devolve into groupthink, which may lead members of the in group to perceive nonmembers or other groups as enemies even where the others present neither antagonism nor an actual threat.Wayne Weiten, Psychology: Themes and Variations, p

Lemming - Misconceptions
The Blink 182 song Lemmings also uses this metaphor, as does the unrelated song of the same name by English progressive rock band Van der Graaf Generator (from their 1971 album Pawn Hearts), and the 1973 stage show National Lampoon's Lemmings starring John Belushi and mocking post-Woodstock groupthink.

Everybody (EP) - Critical reception
But if we are searching for singular listens — ones devoid of filler, focus groupthink, or ill-fitting raps — then Everybody is K-Pop’s most sustained statement to date.

Advisory board - Reasons of Creating an Advisory Board
The former editor of The Economist, also an advisory board member, once says, “They (advisory boards) are there to give focus to or sometimes challenge research and intelligence work being done in the company, thus avoiding groupthink and giving direction on big picture issues.”.Bottomley V, Bingham K, Thorning-Lund S, Slattery R

Squad - Other military uses
This groupthink has such strength that phrases such as for ease of learning, this movement is broken down into 'squads', are commonly used during periods of drill instruction

Failure in the intelligence cycle - Analysts
These biases can occur not only a with a single analyst but to an entire office of them, leading to a biased form of groupthink

Appeal to authority Fallacious examples of using the appeal include any appeal to authority used in the context of logical reasoning, and appealing to the position of an authority or authorities to dismiss evidence, as, while authorities can be correct in judgments related to their area of expertise more often than laypersons, they can still come to the wrong judgments through error, bias, dishonesty, or falling prey to groupthink

EXCOMM - Decision-making
Irving Janis argued that they were relatively free of the groupthink that plagued discussions leading up to the Bay of Pigs

Critical method - Peer review evaluation
The peer review process can have limitations when considering research outside the conventional scientific paradigm: problems of groupthink can interfere with open and fair deliberation of some new research.

Window Seat (song) - Background and synopsis
After she collapses to the ground in the video, blue blood spills out to form the word groupthink, after which Badu's voiceover says:

Window Seat (song) - Background and synopsis
Badu intended for the assassination scene to represent character assassination by groupthink

Problem-solving - Unnecessary constraints
Groupthink, or taking on the mindset of the rest of the group members, can also act as an unnecessary constraint while trying to solve problems.Cottam, Martha L., Dietz-Uhler, Beth, Mastors, Elena, Preston, Thomas

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Groupthink https://store.theartofservice.com/the-groupthink-toolkit.html.

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Presentation on theme: "Groupthink https://store.theartofservice.com/the-groupthink-toolkit.html."— Presentation transcript:

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About project

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