1. EYE TRACKING TECHNOLOGY
Presented by :
RAJEESH. P

2. Contents Introduction What is eye tracking?.. How does it work?..
Technology
Calibration
Applications
Eye tracking- an example
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion
References

3. Introduction Human- computer interaction has become an
increasingly important part of our daily lives .
Now a days, smart phones and touch screens
use fingers as input source .
Eye movements are the most frequent of all
human movements .

4. Eye movements are fundamental to the
operation of the visual system
Therefore the movement of user’s eyes
can provide a convenient and natural
source of input.

5. What is Eye Tracking ?.. The process of using sensors to locate
features of the eyes and estimate where
someone is looking .

6. How does it work ?..

7. How we look ?.. Our pupils are constantly in motion .
When the pupil is moving, it’s called a ‘saccade’.
During a saccade, visual perception is unlikely or
even impossible .

8. The pupil must focus on a point in order to
perceive colour, faces, writing, etc .
That is called a ‘Fixation’.
Fixations are linked to attention. Moving your eyes
means moving attention .

9. The Red Eye Effect There’s a layer in our eyes that reflects
infrared light .
This is where the red- eye effect in photos
comes from as photo flashes use infrared
light .
The eye tracking monitor makes use of this
effect .

10. Technology Technology relies on infrared illumination .
Most commercial eye- tracking systems
available today measure point- of- regard by
the “corneal- reflection/pupil- centre” method .

11. These kinds of trackers usually consist of a
standard desktop computer with an infrared
camera mounted beneath a display monitor,
with image processing software to locate and
identify the features of the eye used for
tracking .

12. In operation, infrared light from an LED
embedded in the infrared camera is first
directed into the eye to create strong
reflections in target eye .

13. The light enters the retina and a large
proportion of it is reflected back, making the
pupil appear as a bright, well defined disc
(known as the “bright pupil” effect) .
The corneal reflection is also generated by the
infrared light, appearing as a small, but
sharp,glint .

14. The vector between the centre of pupil and the
location of the corneal reflection is measured,
and, with further trigonometric calculations
point- of- regard can be found .

15. Calibration Calibration is a key factor defining the
accuracy of any eye tracker .
Before using an eye tracking system , it must
be calibrated for each user .

16. This is usually done by showing a number of
calibration points on the screen and asking
the user to consecutively fixate at these points,
one at a time .

17. The relationship between the pupil position
and the corneal reflections changes as a
function of eye gaze direction .
The images of the eye and its orientation are
analyzed by the computer for each calibration
point .

18. Each image is associated with corresponding
screen coordinates .
These main points are used to calculate any
other point on- screen via interpolation of the
data .

19. Applications Active : Involve device control. Eg : Gaming
Eye activated login
Hands-free typing

20. Passive : Include performance analysis of
design, layout and advertising.
Eg : TV commercials
Street advertising
Web advertising

21. Using Eye Tracking – an Example
Two versions of an ad design were tested using
eye tracking .
The goal of the ad is to draw attention to the
product name .
Version A
Version B

22. Eye tracking result for Version A :
We see a “face effect” : The model’s face draws a lot of attention .
The slogan is the other hot spot of the design. Participants will likely have read it .
The product and its name get some, but not a lot of attention .

23. Eye tracking result for Version B :
Again, we see a strong face effect. In this version, the models gaze is in line with the product and its name.
The product image and name get considerably more attention.
Additionally, even the product name at the bottom is noticed by a number of participants.

24. Advantages Eye movement is faster than other current input media .
No training is required of normal users .
Determine where the user’s interest is focused
automatically .
It is Helpful for handi-cap people when there is no
option for hands and speech .

25. Disadvantages Can't work with the equipment (for example if
they wear contact lenses or have long eye lashes).
Calibrating the equipment takes time .
Difficult to control eye position consciously and
precisely at all times .
The equipment is expensive .

26. Conclusion Eye tracking technology has many applications
in different fields of life .
It is very useful for physically disabled
persons .
We speculate that further developments will
produce smaller, cheaper eye trackers .
So, the conclusion is that it can be used and
useful to everyone .

27. References www. theeyetribe.com/about
control-your-tablet-using-your-eye
tribe-eye-tracker-in-tablets.html

28. Thank You