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The Enlightenment Sparks Revolution
World History Unit 2
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Standard(s) Addressed
Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France and Latin America (e.g., John Locke, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Simon Bolivar, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison).
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The Enlightenment Chapter 2, Section 1
Natural Law Social Contract Natural Right Philosophes Laissez Faire Bill of Rights Constitutional Monarchy Thomas Hobbes John Locke Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau Adam Smith
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Philosophy in the Age of Reason
In the 1500’s and 1600’s, the Scientific Revolution introduced reason and scientific method as the basis of knowledge, changing the way people looked at the world. In the 1700s, scientific successes like the discovery of gravity, convinced educated Europeans to use the power of Reason. In this way, the Scientific Revolution sparked the Enlightenment: a revolution in thinking. First named by Immanuel Kant.
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Seeds of Revolution Principles of Enlightenment European Society VS
Make a T Chart for the following: Seeds of Revolution Principles of Enlightenment European Society VS Beliefs divine-right rule A strict class system A belief in a heavenly reward for earthly suffering. So most European governments banned and burned philosophe books and imprisoned writers. Criticized and questioned the divine right of kings. Rejected authority and upheld the freedom of individuals to think for themselves. Stressed individual rights that governments must respect. Believed that people should have a say in their government through popular sovereignty.
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Thomas Hobbes: People need a king…
Hobbes argued that people are, ”brutish” by nature, and therefore need to be controlled by an absolute monarchy. In 1651, he published a book called Leviathan. He wrote that people are driven by a desire for power and governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness. Believed people enter into a Social Contract with their government, giving up their freedom in exchange for an organized society. Met with your 3 o’clock and discuss if you agree or disagree with Hobbes. Explain why or why not.
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John Locke: People can rule themselves…
In contrast, Locke thought that people are basically good and reasonable. Locke rejected absolute monarchy, believing that the best kind of government had limited power. In 1690, he wrote Two Treatises of Government where he explained people have Natural Rights: rights given by Nature. Examples include- “the right to life, liberty, and property”.
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John Locke: A Social Contract means protection NOT slavery!
It’s the government’s job to protect people’s Natural Rights. In exchange for protection, people gave government the power to rule on their behalf. And if they didn’t, they should be overthrown! These principles were ultimately echoed in the American Declaration of Independence. Meet with your 9 o’clock and discuss Locke and Hobbes different views of the Social Contract. And what are some of the freedoms people give up when they live in a society?
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Montesquieu: Beware a poor republic!
Baron de Montesquieu proposed the ideas of separation of powers and of checks and balances as a way to protect liberty and prevent corruption. He Wrote The Spirit of Laws in In this book, he described how a Republic should be organized. He said: “When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person…, there can be no liberty.” He greatly influenced the men who wrote the U.S. Constitution. We now have a separate branches of government: Legislative (Congress), Judicial (Supreme Courts), and Executive (President).
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Voltaire: The pen is mightier than the sword! (not his quote)
Using humor, Voltaire exposed abuses of power and defended the principle of freedom of speech as he criticized the government and the Catholic church.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau: On a Social Contract
Believed that the good of the community should be placed above individual interests.
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Adam Smith: laissez faire economics
Wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776. He rejected the government regulation of mercantilism. Described a need for a “Free Market” System, also known as Capitalism.
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Women & The Enlightenment:
The Enlightenment slogan: “free and equal” did not apply to women. Once the ideas of the Enlightenment were expressed, women wanted rights like freedom and equality just as much as men. Several women, such as Mary Wollstonecraft, worked to extend ideas of liberty and equality to women.
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Think-Pair-Share Meet with your 12 o’clock and review the philosophes.
Decide which philosophe had the most important idea for the modern world. Be prepared to share.
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What made people accept Enlightenment ideas?
How did Locke and Hobbes disagree over the Social Contract? Name 4 principles that the Enlightenment philosophers believed in. What were the 3 characteristics of European society that Enlightenment challenged? What were female philosophes interested in??
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The American Revolution
Chapter 2, Section 3
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The American Revolution Chapter 2, Section 3
Popular Sovereignty Republic Treaty of Paris colonialism James Madison Benjamin Franklin King George III George Washington Thomas Jefferson
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Birth of the American Republic
In the mid-1700’s, Britain was a global power because of its location, support of business, and huge gains in territory around the world. The new king, George III, began to assert his leadership and royal power through colonization. Britain's growing empire included 13 prosperous colonies on the east coast of North America. The colonists were ethnically diverse but shared many similar values including an increasing sense of their own destiny separate from Britain.
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Enlightenment in America
Enlightenment ideas had a major influence on the leaders of the American Revolution. They shared the ideas of John Locke, the Magna Carta, and the English Bill of Rights. When the Americans rebelled in 1775, they complained about the abuse of their Natural Rights by the English king. The Declaration of Independence echoed Locke’s ideas. It included the purpose of government = Protect Natural Rights!
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American Enlightenment continued…
Other Enlightenment ideas can be seen in the U.S. Constitution, based on Montesquieu’s idea of separation of powers. The Bill of Rights based on the English Bill of Rights which protects individual freedoms like religion and speech. An idea championed by Voltaire.
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Causes for Revolution For many years, Britain neglected to enforce laws in the colonies, a practice known as “Salutary Neglect”. It was during this time that colonists formed their own legislative bodies to create local laws. However, to pay for a very expensive war with Spain, King George III decided to end the neglect by raising taxes on the colonists. Tensions between the colonists and Britain grew as colonists complained that they did not have representation in Parliament.
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To fight or not to fight? On January 10, 1776 Thomas Paine, an Englishman newly moved to the U.S., published “Common Sense”, a pamphlet encouraging us to fight for our independence. Now, let’s read an excerpt from Common Sense Questions: Why did Thomas Paine think we should fight for our independence?
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Revolution Begins! A series of violent clashes with British soldiers intensified the colonists’ anger. Finally, representatives from each colony, including George Washington of Virginia, met in the Continental Congress to decide what to do. In April 1775, colonists fought British soldiers at Lexington and Concord, and the American Revolution began. By July 4, 1776, we declared our independence from the English and sent the Declaration of Independence. Read Declaration on pp and compare with the Magna Carta p. 42 and English Bill of Rights p. 47
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The Cycle of Revolution
Draw:
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A New Government Forms 9 years later, American, British, and French diplomats signed the Treaty of Paris, ending the war in 1783. By 1789, our Founding Fathers, like James Madison, the “Father of the Constitution”, established a Republic that included principles like equality, freedom, and democracy. The new government was based on the separation of powers and checks and balances, as seen in our 3 branches of government. The U.S. Constitution was the first in the world to put Enlightenment ideas into practice! Now let’s look at the U.S. Constitution pp Question: What sort of individual protections are in our Bill of Rights?
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What Enlightenment ideas did the Founding fathers believe in?
Why did the colonists want to break with Britain? What ideas of John Locke are in the Declaration of Independence? What kind of government did the Constitution create in the U.S.? What Enlightenment principle is the Constitution based on?
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The French Revolution Chapter 3, Section 1
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Standard(s) Addressed
Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France and Latin America (e.g., John Locke, Charles- Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Simon Bolivar, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison). List the principles of the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, the American Declaration of Independence, the French Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen, and the U.S. Bill of Rights. Explain how the ideology of the French Revolution led France to develop from constitutional monarchy to democratic despotism to the Napoleonic empire.
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Section 1 Vocabulary Ancien Regime Estates-General National Assembly
Bourgeoisie deficit spending Tennis Court Oath The Bastille peasants King Louis XVI Jacques Necker
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The French Revolution An Overview…
The French king, Louis XVI, ignored the troubles of his country for years. In 1789, revolution broke out in France. The people executed the king and queen and much of the royal family. Thousands of people died by the guillotine. The revolution finally ended in 1804 when Napoleon crowned himself emperor.
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Causes of the Revolution
Under France's Ancien Regime, there were three social classes, or “estates”. The clergy made up the First Estate. The nobles made up the Second Estate. The First and Second Estates had “special privileges”, for example, they paid almost no taxes. The king was outside this class system.
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Causes of the Revolution…
Everyone else belonged to the Third Estate, including: The bourgeoisie, or middle class. And rural peasants and urban workers which made up most of the 3rd Estate. Members of the 3rd Estate resented the “special privileges” enjoyed by the other classes. They had to pay very high taxes. People questioned this inequality.
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Another Cause… Economic troubles added to France's social problems.
France was deeply in debt because of deficit spending, meaning, they spent more than they made. Some of their debt was from supporting the American Revolutionary War. Bad harvests sent food prices soaring. Louis XVI chose Jacques Necker as his financial advisor. Necker proposed taxing the First and Second Estates, but the nobles and high clergy forced the king to dismiss him. As 1788 ended, France was nearly bankrupt.
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Louis XVI Calls the Estates-General
In May 1789, Louis XVI called for the Estates- General, a meeting of the Three Estates, at the king’s palace in Versailles. Before the meeting, the king had all three estates prepare cahiers, or notebooks, listing their complaints. The long lists of problems from the 3rd Estate showed how deeply they resented the other two estates.
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The National Assembly Feeling ignored by the king, the delegates of the Third Estate took a daring step: They proclaimed that they truly represented the people of France and formed a new legislative body called National Assembly. Locked out of their meeting place, the delegates took their famous Tennis Court Oath. They swore never to separate until they met their goal of establishing a just constitution.
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The Storming of the Bastille
On July 14, 1789, the streets of Paris buzzed with rumors that royal troops were going to occupy the city because of the creation of the National Assembly. A crowd of about thousand people gathered outside the Bastille, a grim fortress used as a prison. They demanded weapons they thought were stored there. When the commander refused, the angry mob stormed the Bastille, sparking the French Revolution. Almost 100 people died.
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What were the three classes during France's Ancien Regime?
Which social classes paid the least in taxes? Where the reasons France was in debt? What was the National Assembly? What event started the French Revolution?
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Section 2 Vocabulary faction emigre Sans-Culotte Republic Jacobins
Marquis de Lafayette Queen Marie Antoinette Robespierre
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National Assembly, 1789-1791 1st Stage
The political crisis of 1789 caused many factions, or dissenting groups of people, to struggle for power. Moderates looked to leaders like Marquis de Lafayette, a leader in the A.R. War, who wrote the first draft of the French Bill of Rights known as the Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen which expressed Enlightenment (and John Locke’s) ideas about liberty, equality, and freedom of speech. Read the U.S. Bill of Rights, pp and compare with the Dec. of Rights and Man… pp. 120
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March of the Women October 5, 1789, thousands of women marched to Versailles, where the royal family lived to protest the famine. They demanded the king stop ignoring their suffering. Throughout the revolution, women called for equality in all things, including voting rights and education. In the meantime, the king hesitated to accept reforms and the Queen Marie Antoinette angered many for spending money while people starved. She is famously quoted, “Let them eat cake!”
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A New Constitution The National Assembly soon drafted the Constitution of 1791 (#1) which stated that: all male citizens were equal under the law, including slaves the Church was under state control nobles had gave up their “Special Privileges”, officially ending feudalism. The king was placed “under the law” = constitutional monarchy. King placed under house arrest. However, it did not grant equal rights to women.
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The Radical Phase, 1792-1794 2nd Stage
Late into1791, the newly elected Legislative Assembly was taken over by two more radical groups: The sans-culottes, working-class men and women and The Jacobins, mostly middle-class lawyers and intellectuals. They wanted to end the monarchy and create a Republic.
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The Radicals Make Changes
In 1793, The Radicals were eager to spread the revolution so they: declared war against Austria and other European monarchies. voted to end the monarchy (Constitution #2) and established the French Republic. Between , Louis XVI and most of his family were put on trial and beheaded.
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The Committee on Public Safety
The Jacobins seized the lands and property of nobles and abolished their titles. To deal with the war, famine, poor economy, the French legislature created a 12-member committee who had absolute power. One of the members, Maximilien Robespierre, a lawyer and politician, grew to power. He believed France could achieve a “republic of virtue” only through the use of terror, which he defined as “prompt, severe, inflexible justice”.
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The Reign of Terror The Terror lasted from September 1793 to July During that time, courts held day long trials for those who resisted the revolution. 300,000 people were arrested accused of not supporting the revolution. Many were falsely accused. About 17,000 people were beheaded by guillotine, mostly people of the former 3rd Estate. Tired of all the bloodshed, people from the legislature turned on the Committee, arrested Robespierre and had him beheaded.
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The Directory, 1795-1799 3rd Stage
With Robespierre's death, moderates rewrote the Constitution of 1795 (#3). It setup a Directory of five men to lead the nation, and a two-house legislature. The French Revolution greatly changed France: The old social order was gone. The monarchy was gone. The Church was under state control. Nationalism, or strong feelings of pride and love for one's country, had taken over France and would spread throughout Europe.
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What kind of government did the radical sans- culottes and Jacobins want?
Identify two enlightenment goals that were written into the Declaration of Rights…? Why did Robespierre support The Reign of Terror? What was the result of the reign of Terror? How did the reign of terror finally end? Give one way France had changed by the end of the Revolution?
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French v American Revolution
High debts famine Various political factions A monarchy system Reign of Terror Wars with neighbors Yes, we owed France No Not really Definitely not! No, we barely have an army!
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Section 3 Vocabulary Napoleonic Code Continental System Legitimacy
Congress of Vienna Concert of Europe Napoleon
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The Age of Napoleon! Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power as an officer that became a winning general. Tired from the political discord, the French allowed Napoleon to seize power. By 1804, he had become emperor of France and fought to create a vast French empire. The French revolution is over. There is no more government of the people.
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Napoleon Builds an Empire
He created the Napoleonic Code of laws embodied Enlightenment principles of equality, religious tolerance, and the end of feudalism. People voted, but Napoleon always kept absolute power. Napoleon annexed, or added to his empire, most European nations, except Russia and Britain. Against Britain, he waged economic warfare through the Continental System. This system closed European ports to British goods.
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Napoleon Falls from Power
In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia. The Russians burned crops and villages which left the French without food or shelter and the oncoming Russian winter. Only about 20,000 of 600,000 soldiers made it back to France alive. The Russian disaster destroyed Napoleon's reputation for success. In 1815, British and Prussian forces crushed the French at the Battle of Waterloo in Belgium. Napoleon was forced to abdicate in 1814 and died in exile.
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A New King is Crowned European leaders met at the Congress of Vienna to create a lasting peace through the principle of legitimacy, or restoring the monarchies. The French government helped Louis XVIII, the king’s brother, return to rule as the constitutional monarch of France. They also set up the Concert of Europe with other nations to solve conflicts and maintain a balance of power.
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The Legacy of the Revolution
Contributed ideas about freedom, equality, and liberty. Defined the importance of citizenship and nationalism. Importance of establishing a constitution based on Reason and a government “of the people”.
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Who helped create the Reign of Terror?
Identify one major change that the French Revolution brought to France? What was Napoleon's Continental System? What were the principles of Napoleonic Code? What destroyed Napoleon's reputation for success?
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The Latin Revolutions Chapter 4, Section 3
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The Latin Revolution Chapter 4, Section 3
Peninsulares Mestizos Creoles Mulattoes caudillos Toussaint L’Ouverture Simon Bolivar Jose de San Martin Augustin de Iturbide Miguel Hidalgo
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Catholic missionaries from Spain & France converted Indians.
From 1500 to 1800, Latin America was colonized by Europe, especially Spain. European nations used mercantilism to gain wealth from their American colonies. Catholic missionaries from Spain & France converted Indians.
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From 1800 to 1830, Latin American colonies began declaring independence from European nations & establishing democracies throughout the Americas.
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Causes of the Latin Revolutions
#1: Complex Social hierarchy based on ethnicity. White Europeans were at the top of society. Peninsulares were born in Spain and moved to the Americas to colonize and begin business ventures like plantations.
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The children of Spanish colonists living in America were called creoles. They had land & wealth but no political power, because they were not born in Spain.
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Mestizos were the offspring of Europeans & natives.
The lack of European women in America led to intermarriage & a large mixed-race population that made up the next level of the social hierarchy. Mestizos were the offspring of Europeans & natives. Mulattos were the offspring of Europeans & Africans.
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Natives & African slaves made up the bottom of the social hierarchy.
Both were used as workers for European plantations.
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Reason #2 By the late 1700s, Latin Americans were also inspired because of the successes of the American & French Revolutions. Enlightenment ideas about freedom and equality inspired independence, especially among the well-educated creole class.
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Quick Class Discussion:
Which social group will lead these Latin American Revolutions? Why do you think? African slaves in Haiti Creoles in South America Indians in Mexico
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Reason 3: Timing is everything!
Between the French revolution and the French war with Spain. European nations were too busy fighting Napoleon to pay full attention to their colonies. Think: How much disruption did Napoleon cause all over the world?
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Haiti was the first Latin American colony to free itself from European rule.
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Plantation owners used brutal methods to control slaves
Haiti was a French colony with 500,000 African slaves working on sugar & coffee plantations Plantation owners used brutal methods to control slaves In 1791, Haitian slaves rose in revolt. An educated former slave, Toussaint L’Ouverture became the leader of the slave uprising & helped free all slaves by 1801. Revolution in Haiti The French colony called Saint Domingue was the first Latin American territory to free itself from European rule. The colony, now known as Haiti, occupied the western third of the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea. Nearly 500,000 enslaved Africans worked on French plantations, and they outnumbered their masters dramatically. White masters used brutal methods to terrorize them and keep them powerless. While the French Revolution was taking place, oppressed people in the French colony of Haiti rose up against their French masters. In August 1791, 100,000 enslaved Africans rose in revolt. A leader soon emerged, Toussaint L’Ouverture (too•SAN loo•vair•TOOR). Formerly enslaved, Toussaint was unfamiliar with military and diplomatic matters. Even so, he rose to become a skilled general and diplomat. By 1801, Toussaint had taken control of the entire island and freed all the enslaved Africans. In January 1802, 30,000 French troops landed in Saint Domingue to remove Toussaint from power. In May, Toussaint agreed to halt the revolution if the French would end slavery. Despite the agreement, the French soon accused him of planning another uprising. They seized him and sent him to a prison in the French Alps, where he died in April 1803. Haiti’s Independence Toussaint’s lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines (zhahn•ZHAHK day•sah•LEEN), took up the fight for freedom. On January 1, 1804, General Dessalines declared the colony an independent country. It was the first black colony to free itself from European control. Dessalines called the country Haiti, which in the language of the Arawak natives meant “mountainous land.” Haiti was the first Latin American colony to free itself from European rule.
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But the revolution wasn’t over…
From 1802 to 1804, Haitians fought for their independence against Napoleon’s French army. Ironically, the Haitians received help from the Spanish during their revolution. Revolution in Haiti The French colony called Saint Domingue was the first Latin American territory to free itself from European rule. The colony, now known as Haiti, occupied the western third of the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea. Nearly 500,000 enslaved Africans worked on French plantations, and they outnumbered their masters dramatically. White masters used brutal methods to terrorize them and keep them powerless. While the French Revolution was taking place, oppressed people in the French colony of Haiti rose up against their French masters. In August 1791, 100,000 enslaved Africans rose in revolt. A leader soon emerged, Toussaint L’Ouverture (too•SAN loo•vair•TOOR). Formerly enslaved, Toussaint was unfamiliar with military and diplomatic matters. Even so, he rose to become a skilled general and diplomat. By 1801, Toussaint had taken control of the entire island and freed all the enslaved Africans. In January 1802, 30,000 French troops landed in Saint Domingue to remove Toussaint from power. In May, Toussaint agreed to halt the revolution if the French would end slavery. Despite the agreement, the French soon accused him of planning another uprising. They seized him and sent him to a prison in the French Alps, where he died in April 1803. Haiti’s Independence Toussaint’s lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines (zhahn•ZHAHK day•sah•LEEN), took up the fight for freedom. On January 1, 1804, General Dessalines declared the colony an independent country. It was the first black colony to free itself from European control. Dessalines called the country Haiti, which in the language of the Arawak natives meant “mountainous land.” In 1804, France finally granted Haiti its independence & created a republic. Where’s the irony here?
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In 1810, a poor, but well- educated Catholic priest named Miguel Hidalgo used Enlightenment ideals to call for a revolution against Spain. Hidalgo led an army of 80,000 natives & mestizos revolutionaries against the Spanish military & the creoles who feared losing their wealth. Unlike in South America, natives & mestizos played the leading role in Mexico.
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During the rebellion, Hidalgo was killed but Mexicans found new leaders to continue the fight another 10 years. The turning point in the war came in 1820 when Augustin Iturbide convinced fellow creoles to switch sides & joined the revolt against Spain. In 1821, Spain granted Mexico its independence & a republic was formed.
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Throughout the Spanish colonies in South America, the creoles had wealth & education but could not participate in government Even though they could not hold high public office, creoles were the least oppressed of those born in Latin America. They were also the best educated. In fact, many wealthy young creoles traveled to Europe for their education. In Europe, they read about and adopted Enlightenment ideas. When they returned to Latin America, they brought ideas of revolution with them. Napoleon’s conquest of Spain in 1808 triggered revolts in the Spanish colonies. Removing Spain’s King Ferdinand VII, Napoleon made his brother Joseph king of Spain. Many creoles might have supported a Spanish king. However, they felt no loyalty to a king imposed by the French. Creoles, recalling Locke’s idea of the consent of the governed, argued that when the real king was removed, power shifted to the people. In 1810, rebellion broke out in several parts of Latin America. The drive toward independence had begun. The South American wars of independence rested on the achievements of two brilliant creole generals. One was Simón Bolívar, a wealthy Venezuelan creole. The other great liberator was José de San Martín, an Argentinian. Bolívar’s Route to Victory Simón Bolívar’s native Venezuela declared its independence from Spain in But the struggle for independence had only begun. Bolívar’s volunteer army of revolutionaries suffered numerous defeats. Twice Bolívar had to go into exile. A turning point came in August Bolívar led over 2,000 soldiers on a daring march through the Andes into what is now Colombia. (See the 1830 map on page 685.) Coming from this direction, he took the Spanish army in Bogotá completely by surprise and won a decisive victory. By 1821, Bolívar had won Venezuela’s independence. He then marched south into Ecuador. In Ecuador, Bolívar finally met José de San Martín. Together they would decide the future of the Latin American revolutionary movement. San Martín Leads Southern Liberation Forces San Martín’s Argentina had declared its independence in However, Spanish forces in nearby Chile and Peru still posed a threat. In 1817, San Martín led an army on a grueling march across the Andes to Chile. He was joined there by forces led by Bernardo O’Higgins, son of a former viceroy of Peru. With O’Higgins’s help, San Martín finally freed Chile. In 1821, San Martín planned to drive the remaining Spanish forces out of Lima, Peru. But to do so, he needed a much larger force. San Martín and Bolívar discussed this problem when they met at Guayaquil, Ecuador, in 1822. No one knows how the two men reached an agreement. But San Martín left his army for Bolívar to command. With unified revolutionary forces, Bolívar’s army went on to defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho (Peru) on December 9, In this last major battle of the war for independence, the Spanish colonies in Latin America won their freedom. The future countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador were united into a country called Gran Colombia. Creoles embraced Enlightenment ideas like natural rights & consent of the governed
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…under the leadership of two creole generals
In 1810, the demand by creoles for political rights led to revolutions throughout South America… Even though they could not hold high public office, creoles were the least oppressed of those born in Latin America. They were also the best educated. In fact, many wealthy young creoles traveled to Europe for their education. In Europe, they read about and adopted Enlightenment ideas. When they returned to Latin America, they brought ideas of revolution with them. Napoleon’s conquest of Spain in 1808 triggered revolts in the Spanish colonies. Removing Spain’s King Ferdinand VII, Napoleon made his brother Joseph king of Spain. Many creoles might have supported a Spanish king. However, they felt no loyalty to a king imposed by the French. Creoles, recalling Locke’s idea of the consent of the governed, argued that when the real king was removed, power shifted to the people. In 1810, rebellion broke out in several parts of Latin America. The drive toward independence had begun. The South American wars of independence rested on the achievements of two brilliant creole generals. One was Simón Bolívar, a wealthy Venezuelan creole. The other great liberator was José de San Martín, an Argentinian. Bolívar’s Route to Victory Simón Bolívar’s native Venezuela declared its independence from Spain in But the struggle for independence had only begun. Bolívar’s volunteer army of revolutionaries suffered numerous defeats. Twice Bolívar had to go into exile. A turning point came in August Bolívar led over 2,000 soldiers on a daring march through the Andes into what is now Colombia. (See the 1830 map on page 685.) Coming from this direction, he took the Spanish army in Bogotá completely by surprise and won a decisive victory. By 1821, Bolívar had won Venezuela’s independence. He then marched south into Ecuador. In Ecuador, Bolívar finally met José de San Martín. Together they would decide the future of the Latin American revolutionary movement. San Martín Leads Southern Liberation Forces San Martín’s Argentina had declared its independence in However, Spanish forces in nearby Chile and Peru still posed a threat. In 1817, San Martín led an army on a grueling march across the Andes to Chile. He was joined there by forces led by Bernardo O’Higgins, son of a former viceroy of Peru. With O’Higgins’s help, San Martín finally freed Chile. In 1821, San Martín planned to drive the remaining Spanish forces out of Lima, Peru. But to do so, he needed a much larger force. San Martín and Bolívar discussed this problem when they met at Guayaquil, Ecuador, in 1822. No one knows how the two men reached an agreement. But San Martín left his army for Bolívar to command. With unified revolutionary forces, Bolívar’s army went on to defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho (Peru) on December 9, In this last major battle of the war for independence, the Spanish colonies in Latin America won their freedom. The future countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador were united into a country called Gran Colombia. …under the leadership of two creole generals
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From 1811 to 1824, Venezuelan creole Simon Bolivar led an army of revolutionaries against Spain.
Bolívar’s Route to Victory Simón Bolívar’s native Venezuela declared its independence from Spain in But the struggle for independence had only begun. Bolívar’s volunteer army of revolutionaries suffered numerous defeats. Twice Bolívar had to go into exile. A turning point came in August Bolívar led over 2,000 soldiers on a daring march through the Andes into what is now Colombia. (See the 1830 map on page 685.) Coming from this direction, he took the Spanish army in Bogotá completely by surprise and won a decisive victory. By 1821, Bolívar had won Venezuela’s independence. He then marched south into Ecuador. In Ecuador, Bolívar finally met José de San Martín. Together they would decide the future of the Latin American revolutionary movement. San Martín Leads Southern Liberation Forces San Martín’s Argentina had declared its independence in However, Spanish forces in nearby Chile and Peru still posed a threat. In 1817, San Martín led an army on a grueling march across the Andes to Chile. He was joined there by forces led by Bernardo O’Higgins, son of a former viceroy of Peru. With O’Higgins’s help, San Martín finally freed Chile. In 1821, San Martín planned to drive the remaining Spanish forces out of Lima, Peru. But to do so, he needed a much larger force. San Martín and Bolívar discussed this problem when they met at Guayaquil, Ecuador, in 1822. No one knows how the two men reached an agreement. But San Martín left his army for Bolívar to command. With unified revolutionary forces, Bolívar’s army went on to defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho (Peru) on December 9, In this last major battle of the war for independence, the Spanish colonies in Latin America won their freedom. The future countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador were united into a country called Gran Colombia. Known as “El Libertador”, Bolivar helped create new nations of Grand Colombia, Peru, Bolivia.
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San Martín helped create new nations of Argentina, Chile & Peru.
San Martín Leads Southern Liberation Forces San Martín’s Argentina had declared its independence in However, Spanish forces in nearby Chile and Peru still posed a threat. In 1817, San Martín led an army on a grueling march across the Andes to Chile. He was joined there by forces led by Bernardo O’Higgins, son of a former viceroy of Peru. With O’Higgins’s help, San Martín finally freed Chile. In 1821, San Martín planned to drive the remaining Spanish forces out of Lima, Peru. But to do so, he needed a much larger force. San Martín and Bolívar discussed this problem when they met at Guayaquil, Ecuador, in 1822. No one knows how the two men reached an agreement. But San Martín left his army for Bolívar to command. With unified revolutionary forces, Bolívar’s army went on to defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho (Peru) on December 9, In this last major battle of the war for independence, the Spanish colonies in Latin America won their freedom. The future countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador were united into a country called Gran Colombia. Argentinean creole Jose de San Martín led the independence movement in South America. San Martín helped create new nations of Argentina, Chile & Peru.
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Throughout Latin America, new democratic republics were created.
But, Latin America does not have a strong history of self-government. In many nations, military dictators, called caudillos, seized power & made few reforms for citizens. Due to instability, many Latin American governments became dependent on the USA.
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What were the 3 MAIN reasons why the Latin Americans rebelled against the Europeans?
What is a mestizo? A peninsulares? Who was Father Hidalgo? What was Simon Bolivar’s nickname? Why did so many S. American countries become so dependent on N. America?
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Closure Activity Creating an Enlightenment Encyclopedia:
Working with a partner, create an entry into Diderot’s Encyclopedia about one key idea or person of the Enlightenment. Use the template provided to provide a brief summary of the person/idea & create a brief sketch. When finished, hang it up in the room to create a classroom encyclopedia. Be prepared to explain your entry.
