1. Reproduction and Genetics

2. Two Types of Reproduction
_________________- Only one parent and genetic material is identical to parent.
__________________- Two parents and offspring receives genes from both parents.
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction

3. Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission- asexual reproduction that occurs in single celled organisms in which genetic material is copied and one cell divides into two identical daughter cells. EX: Bacteria reproduce this way, and Yeast

4. Asexual Reproduction
Budding- an organism grows a part of of its main body and this new growth eventually breaks off to become a new organism. Ex: Hydra (simple animal similar to jelly fish)

6. Asexual Reproduction
Fragmentation- Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a fragment of the parent. Each fragment develops into a mature, fully grown individual. Ex: Starfish, and some fungi.

7. Sexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction- Type of reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells combine to form new offspring with genetic material from both parents.
***Offspring has genetic material from each parent which creates- Offspring is NOT identical to parent!

8. Sexual Reproduction - Variation
Female Gamete
Male Gamete
23 Chromosomes
23 Chromosomes
46 Chromosomes

9. Sexual Reproduction - Variation
Female Gamete
Male Gamete
23 Chromosomes
23 Chromosomes
46 Chromosomes

10. Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Disadvantages
Advantages

11. Selective Breeding
When humans select organisms for breeding to get desirable traits.
Breeding chickens that lay the most eggs

13. Gregor Mendel – was an Austrian monk born in 1822 who is known as the “father of genetics”
Genetics – the scientific study of heredity
Heredity – the passing of traits from parents to offspring
Traits are inherited by parents passing alleles to their offspring (1 allele from dad & 1 allele from mom)
Allele= different forms of the same gene (ex: eye color = gene; brown eyes= allele, blue eyes= allele

14. b. Some alleles are dominant (R) and some are recessive (r)
Dominant – will always express its form of a trait when present
Recessive – will only express its form of a trait when the dominant allele is not present.
Genotypes
Homozygous (rr, RR) SAME ALLELES
Heterozygous (Rr) – dominant trait always shows. DIFFERENT ALLELES

15. Genes are located on chromosomes!!
Remember: DNA is found in the nucleus. It is organized into a chromosome before it is copied.
Genes are located on chromosomes!!
Sex cells (gametes) are produced by meiosis and have half the number of chromosomes (haploid)

16. For every Gene or trait, an individual gets ____ alleles2

17. Alleles
DOMINANT
____________ alleles are represented by a capital letter and are expressed even if one is present in the genotype.
(Ex: BB= brown eyes, Bb= brown eyes)
___________ alleles are represented by a lower case letter, and are only expressed if the dominant allele in not present. (Ex: bb= blue eyes)
RECESSIVE

18. Mike and his three brothers all have brown hair
Mike and his three brothers all have brown hair. Mike's father has brown hair, too. Mike's mother, however, is the only family member that has red hair color. What conclusion can you draw about the gene for hair color?
a. The gene for red hair is dominant over the gene for brown hair. b. The gene for brown hair is dominant over the gene for red hair. c. Neither brown nor red are dominant since they both occur in the same family. d. Red and brown genes are co-dominant.

19. Vocabulary BB bb Bb ______________is the combination of alleles
_______________ is the trait that is expressed
Genotype BB bb Bb
Phenotype
Brown eyes
Blue Eyes

21. Give the name of the Genotype
Homozygous Dominant
If both alleles are dominant (BB), we call this ____________
Brown Eyes
The phenotype will be _____________________
Homozygous Recessive
If both alleles are recessive (bb), we call this _________________
The phenotype will be ________________
Blue Eyes
If one allele is dominant and the other is recessive (Bb), we call this __________
Heterozygous
Brown Eyes
The phenotype will be _________________

22. Bb= bb= BB= Name the Genotype Heterozygous Homozygous Recessive
Homozygous Dominant

23. Give me the genotype or genotypes possible for the following phenotypes
Brown Eyes =
Blue Eyes =
BB or Bb bb

24. Brown eyes (B) is dominant to blue eyes (b)
Cross a heterozygous brown eyed man with a blue eyed woman.
________ X ________ b B b
B b bb
B b
b b b Bb bb
2 : 2
Phenotypic Ratio __________
Genotypic Ratio ____________
2 : 2 : 0

25. Brown eyes (B) is dominant to blue eyes (b)
Cross a heterozygous brown eyed man with a woman who is a carrier for the blue eyed trait.
________ X ________ b B B
B B Bb
B b Bb b Bb bb
3:1
Phenotypic Ratio _____
Genotypic Ratio ____________
1:2:1