1. Food- Packaging
Interaction
Prerna gupta
J-11-D-145-A

2. Introduction to protect the product and preserve its inherent
The first and foremost function of a food package is
to protect the product and preserve its inherent
quality (Nielsen and Jagerstad 1994)
Packaging is key when it comes to protecting our
products, guaranteeing our high quality standards,
preventing food waste and informing consumers.
(Hotchkiss 1997 )
Packaging materials provide a means to preserve,
protect, merchandise, market and distribute foods.
(Raheem, 2012)

3. Importance of packaging
Extends the shelf life of food products
Preserves the compositional integrity of a food
Prevents microbial contamination
Offers physical protection during handling & storage.
Meet consumers convenience requirement.
Provides a tool to communicate with consumers
Nutrition information
Promotion display &
Customers engagement tool (Marsh, et al, 2007)

4. Use of six commonly recycled plastic resin
PET : beverage bottles, mouthwash bottles, boil in bag
pouches
HDPE : milk jugs, trash bags, detergent bottles
PVC : cooking oil bottles, packaging around meat
LDPE : grocery bags, food wrap, bread bags
PP : yoghurt containers, margarine, straws, shampoo bottles,
tubs, diapers
PS : hot beverage cups, take-home boxes, egg cartons, meat
trays (Bruck, et. al. 2000)

5. Packaging components Polymers Coatings :Inks Monomers Plasticizers
Solvents
Catalysts
Antioxidants
Adhesives
Blocking agent
(Bhunia, et.al. 2013)

6. Human health might be endangered by the leaching of residues from the
polymerization (e.g., monomers, oligomers, solvents),
additives (e.g., plasticizers, colorants, UV-stabilizers,
antioxidants) and
printing inks (e.g., mineral oil residues)
(Johansson, 1993)

7. PACKAGING- FLAVOR INTERACTION

8. Interactions within a package system refer to the exchange of mass and energy between the packaged food, the packaging material and the external environment.
Migration of compounds from packages into
foods and absorption of flavor compounds
of foods by packaging materials can alter
the flavor profiles of foods.

9. Package Migration s

10. Migration of chemicals from plastics
Migration is a diffusion and partitioning process that is
dependent on:
The nature of the food contact material (FCM).
The nature and concentration of the migrating
substance
The extent and the type of contact between the food
contact material/article and the foodstuff
The contact temperature and
The time period over which duration of contact occurs.
(Gracia et.al.,2006 and )
Dainellie ,et al,.2008)
Symbol for ‘non-edible’ parts in FCM labeling.

11. Flavor Scalping
The loss of quality of a packaged item due to either its volatile flavors being absorbed by the package or the food absorbing undesirable flavors from the packaging material.
Eg’s: Citrus components from cold-pressed and terpeneless oils have been shown to be absorbed into various polymers such as LDPE, HDPE, PP, and surlyn used in aseptic packaging.
The most extensively studied aroma compound with respect to its sorption by polymers is limonene. A decrease in limonene content in stored orange juice is attributed to its lipophilic nature and, hence, the ease of its diffusion into the polymer
Polyethylene (PE), the most common plastic used in commercial products, including beverages, is a top scalper. (Sajilata, et.al, 2007)

12. Polymer
film
Migrating substances
Adverse
consequences
Foodstuff
Environment
PERMEATION
Oxygen
Water vapor
Carbon dioxide
Other gases
(1)Oxidation
(Microbial growth,
Mold growth,
Off-flavor)
(2) Dehydration
Decarbonation
MIGRATION
Monomers
Additives
Off-flavor
Safety problems
Loss of aroma intensity
Development of un balanced flavor profile
Damage to the package
Aroma compounds ,
Fats, Organic acids
Pigments
ABSORPTION
(SCALPING)
Possible interactions between foodstuff, polymer film and the environment, together with the adverse consequences (Nielsen and Ja¨ gerstad 1994)

13. The properties of a plastic packaging material are the foremost important parameters that control the amount of flavor absorption. The properties of a polymer result from its
chemical nature,
morphology,
formulation (compounding with additives),
processing, and
storage and conditions of use ( Gremli, 1996)

14. high gas and water permeability;
Properties of plastics that limit their use in food and beverage packaging are:
high gas and water permeability;
absorption of food/beverage flavor;
low heat resistance (many foods require pasteurization or sterilization);
not tough enough (brittle);
poor appearance;
high costs (especially in small packages);
migration of low molecular weight compounds (e.g monomers) (Mickey et,al.2007)

15. But some glass bottles and jars may contain lead.
CASE STUDIES (Different types of packaging materials pose different potential chemical exposures)
 1) Glass, is generally recognized as safe by FDA when used as a container for holding
food.
But some glass bottles and jars may contain lead.
Other studies have found chemical contamination of food coming not from glass itself but from materials used to seal the metal lids on glass jars.
Some foods in glass jars sealed with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gaskets were found to contain di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) at levels deemed unacceptable by the European Food Safety Authority (WILLIGE,2002)

16. 2. Avoid wrapping acidic foods in aluminium foil
2. Avoid wrapping acidic foods in aluminium foil. From one of the recent studies, leaching of aluminium from aluminum foil in different food solutions was studied. E.g.- the intake values from meat extract + tomato juice + citric acid + salt + spices cooked food were 537 mg/person (Kurunthachalam, 2013)
Use of Aluminium as a food packaging material (Campbell’s Chicken Noodle soup can or a Sunkist brand tuna can) leads to Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s Disease .
The cans used for carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, like colas and fruit drinks, leak significant amounts of aluminum into the beverage.
(Habian, 2011)

17. Thin aluminum and tin cans used to store refreshing beverages contain ortho-phenylphenol, a pesticide that is used kill bacteria and fungus; it is known to be carcinogenic.
3. The food at the supermarket may be contaminated by a highly toxic chemical found in the glue of packaging labels like fresh meat, vegetables and various sauces.
Four different acrylic adhesives commonly used on food labels were reported.
11 compounds were found in the glues, four of which seeped through the packaging. Three of these had low toxicity while the remaining compound belonged to the highest risk category.

18. The most toxic chemical was 2,4,7,9-tetramethyldec-5-yne- diol
(Crompton,2007)
It could cause organ failure and even death in high doses.
This compound is capable of passing through even the thickest packaging material which measures 70mm.
An estimated daily intake of this chemical from food was found to be around 0.02mg/day where as the maximum daily intake should not be more than 0.09mg/day.

19. 4. Phthalates
Phthalates are plasticizers used to provide flexibility & durability to plastics like PVC.
Plastics that contain phthalates are commonly found in inks, clothing, adhesives, vinyl floor coverings, some paints, perfumes, food packaging and toys and in medical application that include blood transfusion bags & tubing, intravenous fluid bags.
Phthalates are often classified as endocrine disruptors and increased incidence of developmental abnormalities. A higher risk of miscarriage was observed among women exposed to high levels of phthalate as well as reduced sperm mortality rate was seen in men.
(Andra,2013)

20. q Function(s) Products(s) Phthalate DEHP di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Primarily used as a plasticizer
for PVC
medical devices (plastic tubing and intravenous storage bags),
DINP (di isononyl phthalate)
gloves, drinking straws, rubber,
adhesives, ink, sealant, lacquers, food and food related uses, teethers , recycled paper & board.
DBP (di butyl phthalate)
Used as a plasticizer for PVC, PVA and rubber. Also used as solvent and fixative in paint and cosmetics
Latex adhesives, sealants, cosmetics, some inks and dyes, insecticides, food wrapping materials, clothing and pharmaceutical
DIDP (di isodecyl phthalate)
Electrical cords, leather for car interiors and PVC flooring
DnOP (di-n- octyl phthalate)
bottle cap liners, conveyor belts and
garden hoses
BBP (benzyl butyl phthalate)
Used as a plasticizer for PVC,
polyurethane, polysulfide and
acrylic-based polymers
Adhesives, food conveyor belts, food wrapping material, and artificial
leather q

21. EXPOSURE MEDIA AND POTENTIAL FOR CHILDREN EXPOSURE
Relative Potential for Children Exposure
Basis
Diet
Higher
Phthalates can be found in infant formulas and baby food. Phthalates can leach into foods heated in plastic containers.
Mouthing of toys containing phthalates can also result in phthalate exposure.
Individuals receiving multiple treatments, feedings or transfusions through medical tubing containing phthalates.
Infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) are one group of concern for phthalate exposure.
Drinking
Water
Dermal
Lower
Medium
Phthalates have been detected in drinking water, though generally at low concentrations.
Some cosmetics, fragrances, lotions may contain phthalates (Claudio, 2012)

22. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND EFFECTS
DEHP can cause lung disorder in new born babies when receiving medical intervention with PVC-containing devices (i.e., intravenous tubing which may contain 20-40% DEHP by weight).
DEHP and other phthalates were found in almost all of the analyzed milk, cream, butter, and cheese samples tested in a study in the United Kingdom, Norway, and Spain and the average total daily individual exposure to DEHP was estimated to be mg/kg/day and mg/kg/day(equivalent to 1.4 mg/day for an average 70kg person).
Continuous exposure leads to delayed puberty and reproductive failure.
(Amirshaghaghi, et.al.,2011)
The EU has banned a group of phthalates used to soften children toys following health concerns for damage to the reproductive system, asthma and cancer.

23. Regulation of Plasticizer used for some PVC products by revision of the Food Sanitation Law
Food Apparatus & Food Packaging
In June 2000, The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare announced that DEHP had leached from PVC gloves designed for kitchen application.
On August 1, 2003, use of DEHP to PVC products which may come in contact with oil/fat containing food ( food with oil/fat content of about 20% or more) was prohibited.
Toys
Use of DEHP & DINP containing PVC products to toys intended to be mouthed by babies and young children under 6 years of age was prohibited from August 1, (Rupavate, 2014)

24. Some common day-to-day examples:
Salad dressing and cooking oil bottles: This plastic container is made from PVC which leaches plasticizers( lead, mercury, cadmium, phthalates and the carcinogen DEHP) in to the food we consume.
Soda bottles, Water bottles, peanut butter jars and cooking oil bottles: Made from PET which leach acetaldehyde, in to our food and drinks.
Meat trays , cups and foam packing material: Made from PS . These material leach styrene which can damage our Nervous system.

25. Used in the lining of metal food cans, polycarbonate water jugs, baby
5. Bisphenol-A (BPA)
Used in the lining of metal food cans, polycarbonate water jugs, baby
bottles and dental sealants applied to children teeth.
Ingesting BPA is a concern because this chemical is classified as an
endocrine disruptor (interferes with the body’s natural hormone
system).
BPA has estrogenic properties and bind to the body’s estrogen
receptors. They are increasingly suspected of contributing to
thyroid and other glandular problems, decreased sperm quality,
early puberty, neurobehavioral problems and cancer.
Examples include some Tupperware containers, Nalgene bottles, and
some baby bottles.

26. BPA is detected in people who have ingested the chemical through food
Where can we find it?
BPA is detected in people who have ingested the chemical through food
or liquids stored in plastic containers or plastic-lined cans.
The newer the product the more stable and safe it is, but over time and
especially after heating, the polymers break down and allow BPA and
other chemicals to migrate into foods.
It is recommended to use safer plastic products with recycling symbols or
“PETE” numbers 1, 2, 4 and 5. Commercial water bottles, for example,
have a recycling symbol 1.
The easiest way to identify plastics containing BPA is to look for the
recycling symbol #7 – generally hard, durable plastic products we see
through (Anonymous,2014)

27. In one Texas-based study of BPA in packaged foods, researchers assessed 105 samples of fresh, plastic-wrapped, and canned foods, and found detectable levels of the chemical in 60% of them (including some of the fresh foods).
The calculated BPA intake for adults and children eating regular servings of some of the foods sampled were between the reference doses established by the European Scientific Committee on Food Safety (10 µg/kg/day) and the U.S (50 µg/kg/day).
Despite the relatively low estimated doses from eating any one food, there are multiple sources of intake of BPA, and may cause unexpected effects even at tiny doses, although the extent to which these effects may occur in humans is still under investigation.
(Thompson, 2005)

28. In 2008 the National Toxicology Program released a review of the evidence on the toxicity of BPA that the compound may adversely affect the brain and prostate gland in fetuses, infants, and children.
 (Maragou, et.al,2008)
The Natural Resources Defense Council has petitioned the FDA to ban the use of BPA in food packaging, but on 30 March 2012 the FDA issued an interim ruling denying that request, pending further research. Currently the FDA allows the use of BPA in food-contact applications.

29. Range of BPA in different bottles
Bottles made of polyamide (PA) identification and subsequent quantification of BPA on bottles labelled as ‘No Bisphenol A’.
Quantity
First Migration
28 PA baby
bottles
Range of BPA in different bottles
27 from one brand
0.5–4 ugkg-1
(6-bottles)
15–70 ugkg-1
(7-bottles)
100–250 ugkg-1
1000 ugkg-1
(1-bottle)
5 Bottles made of Silicone
Presence of Phthalates
DiBP
DBP
DEHP
DIPN
50–150 ugkg-1
25-50 ugkg-1
5-20 ugkg-1
30 polyether sulphone (PES)
Migration of Benzophenone
In first migration test
600 ugkg-1
2nd & 3rd Migration
12- 42ugkg-1
(Simoneau, et.al,
2012)

30. Bottles made of polypropylene (PP)
Total bottles 149
alkanes, found
In >65% of
the bottles
Benzene derivatives
in 17% of the baby
bottles
at levels up
to 113 ugkg-1
2,6-diisopropyl
naphthalene(DIPN)
2,4-ditert- butyl phenol.
at levels up to
3500 ugkg-1
migrating in >45% of the baby bottles
found in (90%)
baby bottles
at levels up to
25 ugkg-1
at levels up
400 ugkg-1.

31. 6. In 2010, researchers found that mineral oil residue contained in cardboard packaging was being transferred to foods.
The main source of the problem was :-
the ink used in newspaper printing, which found its way into the packaging via recycled paper (pasta, semolina, rice, or cornflakes).
contaminated packages in close proximity, for example, on the supermarket shelf or in delivery trucks
the inks used to print the food packaging material. These oil residues evaporate at room temperature.
Migration of selected ink components such as photo-initiators and plasticizers from printed food-packaging materials into foodstuffs also reported (Claudio, 2012)

32. A study conducted by a German group showed that infant foods packed in recycled paperboard boxes with coated paper liners were contaminated with diisobutyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate, with levels exceeding European Commission limits for food contaminants.
In 2010, Kellogg Company recalled 28 million boxes of cereal because of elevated levels of methylnaphthalene that leached from the coated paper lining the boxes. Although the potential consequences of ingestion of this compound are not well understood, at least five consumers reportedly became ill after eating the contaminated cereal (Alin,2010)

34. Mineral oil barrier in packaging
One way of reducing or even entirely eradicating mineral oil residue in paper and cardboard packaging is to use water-based binders for mineral oil-free printing of newspapers.
1) the inner side of contaminated primary packaging
2) contaminated outer packaging, for example, corrugated board packaging used to hold products during transportation.
3) contaminated packages in close proximity, for example, on the supermarket shelf or in delivery trucks

35. 7. Case study - 4-methylbenzophenone in breakfast cereals: risk assessment
Migration of 4-MBP and Isopropylthioanthone a volatile component of the inks on breakfast cereal cardboard boxes, into the cereal food.
Concentration found in food was up to 3.7mg/kg.
Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health endorsed a statement on 6 March 2009 that “Food contact materials printed with inks containing 4MBP should not be brought in contact with foods unless it is demonstrated in the company's in-house documentation that the transfer into food of the sum of 4-MBP and Benzophenone is below 0.6mg per kg food.”

36. 8. Melamine from plastics
Melamine is a nitrogen-rich heterocyclic triazine (1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine).
Melamine is a monomer and additive for plastics. Monomers are used to make can coatings, inks and adhesives.
Melamine resins are polymers and consists of melamine & formaldehyde, widely used in the manufacturing of plastic-ware because it is heat-resistant, durable and low in cost.
In Malaysia, melamine-ware, such as plates, saucers, spoons, trays, cups and bowls are widely used.
Melamine can be hydrolyzed to ammeline, ammelide & cyanuric acid.
However, melamine-ware, though non-flammable, can decompose under extreme heat; thus, at temperature above 300C, it is not suitable for use in the conventional oven (Jacaab,2007)

37. Melamine migration from melamine food contact articles
Being rich in nitrogen (66%), melamine had been added with a profit motive to give the appearance of increased protein levels. Melamine added to milk at the primary collection centers to disguise the dilution of milk with water (Chick, et.al. 2011)
Melamine
Contamination
Year
Food Product
Cause
In U.S & Europe
2007
(Ingelfinger, 2008)
Melamine –Tainted
Pet Food
Renal failure &
deaths in animals
In China
2008
Melamine- Tainted
milk formulae
Kidney damage
and deaths in
infants & Children.
7 infants died by
the end of Jan-
2009

38. melamine cyanurate in dog kidneys
Source: Reimschuessel, R., Hattan, D and Gu, Y

39. Tests For Melamine detection in two different food simulants
Two different food simulants distilled water and 3% Acetic acid at
three different temperatures (25c, 75c & 100c) were taken.
It was found that the level of melamine migration increased with
increasing temperature for both distilled water and acetic acid.
In materials intended to come into repeated contact with foods, the
migration test(s) shall be carried out three times on a single sample
using another portion of food simulant on each occasion. Its
compliance shall be checked on the basis of the level of the
migration found in the third test (Gossner, 2009)
Distilled Water
3% Acetic Acid
25 0C
75oC
1000C
250C
22.2ng/kg ng/kg ng/kg ng/kg ng/kg ng/kg

40. Migration into fruit juice
One new MEL19 mug was exposed to an apple juice drink and another to a lemon juice drink for 40 hours at 70C.
These conditions were considered to be equivalent to 80 successive exposures to a hot fruit juice drink.
Effects
The rim was no longer circular and the outside surface of each mug had several cracks.
The exposed surface of the mugs appeared to have suffered chemical attack, leaving a raised chalky-like surface that could be scraped off using a fingernail.
Following the exposure each of the fruit juices had a strong smell of formaldehyde.
When the fruit juice was still warm from the incubator the smell of formaldehyde was predominant. On cooling, the smell of the fruit juice came through although the formaldehyde smell was still strong.
The fruit juices caused a discoloration of the articles tested.(Dayele,2012)

41. apple juice (external surface)
Cracked and discolored surface of MEL19 following MEL 19 exposed to apple
three successive exposures to 3% aqueous acetic acid Juice( internal surface)
MEL19 exposed to
apple juice (external surface)
MEL19 following three successive
exposures to water.
(Bradley, et.al, 2005)

42. 9. Migration from Microwave Heating
Migration of plasticizers such as dioctyladipate (DOA) and acetyltributylcitrate (ATBC) from polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC/PVC) (SaranTM) films into ground meat heated for 4 min was found to be 84 mg/kg (14.7 mg/dm2) and 95.1 mg/kg (2.5 mg/dm2), respectively. The effect of microwave heating on the migration from polyvinylchloride (PVC) was significantly higher compared to conventional heating.
Global migration from polypropylene to aqueous food simulants during microwaving for 3 min at 800W was comparable to migration during continuous heating at 80C for 30min.
Another study found that overall migration into olive oil from a polypropylene package increased after repeated microwave heating to 400% compared to the first heating .
(Alin,2012)

43. FACT SHEET ON CLING WRAP PLASTICIZERS
Cling wrap plasticizers such as di-ethyl-hexyl- phthalate(DEHP) and di-ethyl-hexyl-adipate (DEHA) are man- made, organic chemicals that migrate out of certain cling wraps into fatty food such as minced meat , chicken and cheese and are absorbed into the cells of the human body.
This process of plasticizer migration is speeded up considerably at higher temperatures such as are found in a microwave oven when frozen meat is thawed.
DEHP and DEHA cause liver cancers in mice and rats.

44. These include: (Boseley ,2014)
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued recommendation for careful use of plastic containers to reheat food in the microwave .
These include:
1) microwave-safe plastic wrap should be placed loosely over food so that steam can escape,
2) carryout containers from restaurants and margarine tubs should not be used in the microwave; and
3) containers that hold prepared microwavable meals are meant for one-time use.
(Boseley ,2014)

45. 10. Parabens Esters of p- hydroxybenzoic acid found in wide range of
foods, beverages, personal care products and pharmaceuticals.
They are not only used as preservatives but also as
additives in food packaging.
Super scale use of parabens result in potential health
risks such as benign & malignant tumors, skin inflammation and interfere with human endocrine hormone.
Parabens can migrate from anti- bacterial packaging.
(Li, et.al. 2013)

46. Analysis of food stuff
The food should be removed from contact with the packaging before its expiration date or any date by which the manufacturer has indicated the product should be used for reasons of quality or safety
If applicable food should be cooked in-pack prior to testing
Not always possible
Some substances are ubiquitous and their presence does not necessarily mean migration from the material or article
Some migrants react with food components
Some materials and articles are sold for use with many different foodstuffs
Impossible to test each and every combination (Castle, 2007)

47. The following are some of the points to make food as plastic-free as possible:
Buy fresh or dried fruits and vegetables and store them in cloth
or glass containers.
Eat less canned food from plastic-lined cans.
Wrap sandwiches in wax paper instead of plastic baggies.
Avoid use of transporting food in reusable containers, bring a
dish to heat it up.
Further reduce the use of canned goods by making your own
sauces, preserves and jams.
(Williams, 2002)

48. Scope for Improvement
Potentially 10,000s of migrant chemicals may be found in food, including Non Intentionally Added Substances and more than hundreds of patients affected by polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene and polystyrene because of foods carried in plastic bags.
Innovations and high-tech solutions means that the cartons, films and bottles ensure that the food is kept fresh and safe, helping food production to become more efficient and safe.
These days, nearly as much research and development goes into how we package our food as goes into the food itself.
It is said that “all substances are poisons, there is none that is not a poison, and the dose differentiates a poison and remedy”.
The benefits arising from the use of the particular material must be balanced against the risk arising from the consumption of the component .

49. Conclusion
If fifty out of hundred thousand substances migrate [from packaging into foods] at levels sometimes exceeding the threshold of toxicological concern, and if one out of a hundred substances harms our health, this is likely to cause serious damage. Once we realize the basic hazards, it becomes clear that the healthiest solution is to avoid plastic altogether.

50. Thank you