1. Fundamental concepts in video
Dr. Wissam Alkhadour

2. Types of Video Signals
Three types of video signals are explained in this module.
Component Signal.
Composite Signal.
S-Video Signal

3. Component Signal
Higher-end video systems make use of three separate video wires for the Red, Green, Blue channel. Each color channel is sent as a separate video signal. Most computer systems use Component Video, with separate signals for R, G, and B signals.

4. Component Signal
For any color separation scheme, Component Video gives the best color reproduction since there is no crosstalk between the three channels. Component video requires more bandwidth and good synchronization of the three components

5. Composite Signal
Color (chrominance) and intensity (luminance) signals are mixed into a single carrier wave.
Chrominance is a composition of two color components (I and Q, or U and V). In NTSC TV, e.g., I and Q are combined into a chroma signal, and a color subcarrier is used to put chroma signal at the high-frequency end of the signal shared with the luminance signal

6. Composite Signal
The chrominance and luminance components can be separated at the receiver end and then the two color components can be further recovered.
When connecting to TVs or VCRs, Composite Video uses only one wire and video color signals are mixed, not sent separately.

7. Composite Signal
The audio and sync signals are additions to this one signal. Since color and intensity are wrapped into the same signal, some interference between the luminance and chrominance signals is inevitable

8. S-Video Signal
Separated video or Super-video uses two wires, one for Luminance & another for Chrominance signal. As a result, there is less crosstalk between the color information and the crucial gray-scale information. The reason for placing luminance into its own part of the signal is that Black-and-white information is most crucial for visual perception.

9. Comparison between types of video signals

10. Analog Video
An analog signal f(t) samples a time-varying image signal, Progressive scanning traces through a complete picture (a frame) row-wise for each time interval .
In TV and in some monitors and multimedia standards as well, another system, called Interlaced scanning is used. The odd-numbered lines are traced first, and then even-numbered lines are traced

11. Analog Video
Solid lines traced from P to Q is known as Odd field, Similarly Doted line traces in the frame is known as Even field . Odd and Even fields - two fields make up one Frame.
Odd lines starts at top left corner of Frame (P) & ends at bottom center point (T), similarly Even lines starts at center point of Frame (U) & ends at lower right corner point (V).
First solid (Odd) lines are traced, then Even field starts at U and ends at V.

13. Analog Video Representations
There are three analog video representation techniques as follows:
1) NTSC Video.
2) PAL Video.
3) SECAM Video

14. Analog Video NTSC Video
NTSC (National Television System Committee) TV standard is mostly used in North America and Japan. It uses the familiar 4:3 aspect ratio (i.e., the ratio of picture width to its height) and uses 525 scan lines per frame at 30 frames per second (fps). NTSC follows interlaced scanning system & each frame is divided into two fields with lines/field.

15. Analog Video NTSC Video
NTSC uses YIQ color model, It uses quadrate modulation to combine I & Q signals into single chroma signal which is known as Color Sub carrier.
NTSC uses band width of 6.0 MHz, in which various sub carriers used frequencies as follows:
-Picture Carrier is at 1.25 MHz
- Audio Sub Carrier frequency is 4.5 MHz

17. Analog Video NTSC Video
NTSC composite signal is composition of Luminance signal (Y) and Chroma signal (C).
Decoding composite signal at receiver:
-Separating Y & C, Low pass filters can be used to extract Y signal.
-Apply Low pass filter to obtain I and Similarly C is multiplied by 2.sin(FSCt) to get Q

18. PAL Video
PAL (Phase Altering Line) TV standard originally invented by germen scientist. It uses 625 scan lines per frame at 25 fps with 4:3 aspect ratio, PAL uses YUV color model with 8 MHz channel, allocating band width of 5.5 MHz to Y and 1.8 MHz to each U & V

19. PAL Video
Chroma signals have altering signs as +U & -U in successive scan lines hence the name Phase Altering Line. The signals in consecutive lines are averaged so as to cancel chroma signal for separating Y and C. It uses Comb filter at receiver

20. PAL Video
SECAM (Systeme Electronique Couleur Avec Memoire) is invented by French for TV broadcast. It uses 625 scan lines per frame at 25 fps with 4:3 aspect ratio & interlaced fields.
SECAM and PAL are similar, differing slightly in their color coding scheme. In SECAM, U & V signals are modulated using separate color sub carriers at 4.25 MHz and 4.41 MHz. They are sent in alternate lines that is, only one of U or V signals will be sent on each scan line.

21. PAL Video

22. Digital Video The advantages of digital representation for video:
Video can be stored on digital devices or in memory, ready to be processed & integrated to various multimedia applications
Direct access is possible, which makes nonlinear video editing achievable as a simple
Repeated recording does not degrade image quality
Ease of encryption and better tolerance to channel noise.

23. Digital Video Representation
Chroma Sub-sampling:
Human vision cannot distinguish black & white image filled with color information in spatial resolution. It uses YCbCr color model for sub-sampling, where Y is luminance signal gives gray image, combined signal of Cb, Cr known as Chorma contains color information . Y signal will present in all samples of pixels, but Chorma may not present in all samples

24. Digital Video Representation
Chroma Sub-sampling: How many pixel values per four original pixels contains chroma signal are refered as Chroma sub sampling. There are four schemes for chroma sub-sampling as follows based on chroma sampling:
4:4:4 Scheme: indicates that No chroma sub-sampling is used
- Each pixel's Y, Cb and Cr values are transmitted
- All four pixel have Y,Cb,Cr values out of four pixels that gives More quality images

25. Digital Video Representation
4:2:2 Scheme: indicates horizontal sub sampling of the Cb, Cr signals by a factor of 2
-Four pixels horizontally labeled as 0 to 3, all four Ys are sent, and every two Cb's & two Cr's are sent as (Cb0, Y0) (Cr0,Y1) (Cb2, Y2) (Cr2, Y3) (Cb4, Y4)
-Only two pixels have Y, Cb, Cr values out of four pixels that gives Medium quality images

26. Digital Video Representation
4:1:1 Scheme: indicates horizontal sub sampling by a factor of 4
-Four pixels horizontally labeled as 0 to 3, all four Ys are sent, every one Cb's & one Cr's are sent
-Only one pixel have all Y, Cb, Cr values out of four pixels that gives Poor quality images

27. Digital Video Representation
4:2:0 Scheme: sub-samples in both the Horizontal & Vertical dimensions by a factor of 2 .
Scheme 4:2:0 along with other schemes is commonly used in JPEG and MPEG CIF and QCIF

29. CIF Standards
CIF stands for Common Intermediate Format specified by the CCITT. The idea of CIF is to specify a format for lower bit rate. It uses a progressive (non-interlaced) scan. QCIF stands for Quarter-CIF. All the CIF/QCIF resolutions are evenly divisible by 8, and all except 88 are divisible by 16; this provides convenience for block-based video coding in H.261 and H.263

30. HDTV (High Definition TV)
The first generation of HDTV was based on an analog technology developed by Sony and NHK in Japan in the late 1970s. MUSE (MUltiple sub-Nyquist Sampling Encoding) was an improved NHK HDTV with hybrid analog/digital technologies that was put in use in the 1990s.

31. HDTV (High Definition TV)
It has 1,125 scan lines, interlaced (60 fields per second), and 16:9 aspect ratio. Since un-compressed HDTV will easily demand more than 20 MHz bandwidth, which will not fit in the current 6 MHz or 8 MHz channels, various compression techniques are being investigated. For video, MPEG-2 is chosen as the compression standard. For audio, AC-3 is the standard

32. The salient difference between conventional TV and HDTV
HDTV has a much wider aspect ratio of 16:9 instead of 4:3. HDTV moves toward progressive (non-interlaced) scan, Interlacing introduces serrated edges to moving objects and flickers along horizontal edges. The FCC has planned to replace all analog broadcast services with digital TV broadcasting by 2006

33. The salient difference between conventional TV and HDTV
SDTV (Standard Definition TV): the current NTSC TV or higher.
EDTV (Enhanced Definition TV): 480 active lines or higher
HDTV (High Definition TV): 720 active lines or higher.