1. Social Psychology - How we think
about, influence, and relate to one another

2. Social Thinking Attribution Theory Why do people act the way they do?
Is it the situation or is it their disposition or attitude?
Fundamental Attribution Error
Tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

3. Social Thinking Self serving bias
We’re the greatest!!!
Self serving bias
We attribute our success to internal factors and our failures to external factors
Lucky shot!

4. I’m just a social drinker.
Social Thinking
I’m just a social drinker.
Cognitive Dissonance – psychological discomfort created by inconsistency among a person’s beliefs, attitudes, and/or actions.
Induces a “drive state” – need to change behavior or belief so that they are consistent

6. Social Thinking Foot in the door phenomenon Freedman & Fraser (1966)
Tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Freedman & Fraser (1966)
Small request followed by a big request
When perform small request, 3 times as likely to then agree to big request (drive carefully sign)

7. Social Thinking
Social facilitation – stronger performance when in the presence of others (easy tasks)
Social loafing – tend to slack off when other people’s efforts are involved

10. Group Tendencies
Deindividuation – abandon normal restraint when in the presence of others
Less accountable, less aware
More violent

11. Asch’s experiment 1 2 3

12. Asch’s conformity experiment
8 confederates, one real subject
Real subject goes last
Confederates report wrong answers
What percentage of subjects gave the same wrong answer?
76% gave at least 1 incorrect response
Only 1% gave incorrect response in the control group

13. Factors that influence conformity
Group size
More people = more conformity
Asch – rises quickly to 3 or 4, then levels
Social support
If Asch added ally who failed to conform, subject conformed less, but . . .
Ally need not give the correct answer
Ally need not be competent (Can be practically blind)

14. Social Norms and Compliance: Norm of Reciprocity
Reciprocity Principle - Obligated to return favors
Door In The Face Technique
Make very large request (gimme $200)
Then make concession (OK, $20)
Target also feels he has to make concession
“That’s not all” technique – come down from an initially inflated price

15. Milgram’s obedience experiment
After the Holocaust was exposed following WWII questions arose concerning how such a tragedy could have happened.
Were these Nazis a different kind of human, with no thresholds of violence?
Would you act as the Nazi’s did and cooperate with the executions in the concentration camps?
Research shows that you probably would.

16. Milgram’s obedience experiment
Yale Univ.
Participant is introduced to a tall, sharp and stern looking experimenter (Milgram) wearing a white lab coat.
The participant is also introduced to a friendly co-participant, who is actually a confederate (a person pretending to be a participant, like a rigged audience for a magician).
Milgram explains that the experiment investigates punishment in learning, and that one will be the "teacher", and one will be the "learner."
Rigged lots are drawn to determine roles, and it is decided that the true participant will be the "teacher.“
Every time the “learner” misses a question the “teacher” must submit a shock of increasing voltage.

17. Milgram’s obedience experiment
The Majority of subjects continued to the end.

18. Milgram’s obedience experiment
Milgram's results were alarming. Of the 40 participants he surveyed, 68% of them ended up delivering the full 450 volt treatment.
15 of the 40 ended up convulsing with epileptic laughter.
Participants went temporarily mad and started tearing their hair out.

19. Social Influence Group Think Group Polarization
Mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives
Bay of Pigs, Vietnam
Group Polarization
Enhancement of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group

20. Social Relations Just-World Phenomenon
Tendency of people to believe the world is just
People get what they deserve and deserve what they get

21. Social Thinking
In-group Bias
Tendency to favor one’s own group

22. Social Relations Scapegoat Theory Prejudice
Theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Prejudice
An unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and it’s members
Involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

23. Roots of Prejudice
Schemas – a concept or framework that helps us organize and interpret information
Categorization simplifies our world
Availability heuristics are mental shortcuts to decision making that are not always correct (vivid cases)

26. Diffusion of Responsibility
When people thought they alone heard the calls for help from a person they believed to be having an epileptic seizure, they usually helped.
But when they thought four others were also hearing the calls, fewer than a third responded.