1. Imperial China:
Sui to SongDynasties

3. Anarchy in China
Like after the collapse of the Romans (220 – 581), but in Asia
Civil war between nomads and Chinese warlords each has a part of the old Han state
Northern dynasties nomadic, both Turkish and Mongol
Confucianism in decline, Buddhism in ascendancy due to its relationship with the nomads
Common Chinese subject to taxes, warfare, drafting into army, frequent invasions, bandits
Infectious disease was spread

4. Buddhism Arrives in China
Oasis on the Silk Road became location for foreign settlements, transmission of foreign faiths
Buddhism in China
Attraction: moral standards, intellectual sophistication, salvation, appeal to women, poor
Monasteries became large landowners, helped the poor and needy
Posed a challenge to Chinese cultural traditions
Chinese monks explained Buddhist concepts in Daoist vocabulary
Dharma as dao, and nirvana as wuwei
Teaching: one son in monastery would benefit whole family for 10 generations
Mahayana Buddhism
Buddha blended w/Chinese characteristics as a god/saint
Stupa became a pagoda; Buddha became fat
Chan Buddhism
Chan (or Zen in Japanese) was a popular Buddhist sect
Monasteries appeared in all major cities
Hostility to Buddhism
Resistance from Daoists and Confucians
Criticism focused on celibacy, alien origin, could not tax
Persecution
Tang emperor ordered closure of monasteries in 840s
Buddhism survived because of popular support

7. Sui Dynasty, C.E.
Short reunification by Yang Jian in 589
“Land Equalization” System  land redistribution.
Unified coinage.
Grand Canal constructed, Great Wall repaired
Established an army of professional soldiers.
People were overworked & overtaxed!
Rebellions broke out in north China beginning in 610
Sui Yangdi was assassinated in 618, the end of the dynasty
The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family.
Founded the Imperial University
Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system)
Soldiers dropped to lowest status.
Confucianists at work; Daoists at home.
The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake!
Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation
Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported.
Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

8. The Grand Canal

9. The Grand Canal Today
Above is a picture of Suzhou in Jiangsu province showing houses along the Grand Canal.
From north to south, the Grand Canal is over 1,700 kilometers (roughly 1,100 miles) long,
linking Hangzhou in Zhejiang province with Beijing in the north. An extremely important
water project that was first started in the Sui dynasty ( ), it connects several big rivers
and provides an important means of transportation and communication.
With the two pictures below in mind, how do you think the access to rivers and lakes would
have made the lifestyle of people in the south different from that of people in the north?

11. Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E. Founding of the Tang
Rebel leader seized Chang’an and procliamed new dynasty
Tang Taizong
2nd Tang emperor, a ruthless but extremely competent ruler
China enjoyed an era of unusual stability and prosperity
Imperial examination system perfected.
Liberal attitude towards all religions, spread of Buddhism in China
Golden Age of foreign relations with other countries.
China was the Middle Kingdom
Japan, Korea, Persia
The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family.
Founded the Imperial University
Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system)
Soldiers dropped to lowest status.
Confucianists at work; Daoists at home.
The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake!
Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation
Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported.
Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

12. Tang Government Organization
The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family.
Founded the Imperial University
Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system)
Soldiers dropped to lowest status.
Confucianists at work; Daoists at home.
The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake!
Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation
Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported.
Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

13. Tang Dynasty New technologies: More cosmopolitan culture.
Printing  moveable print
Porcelain
Gunpowder
Metallurgy (iron & steel)
Mechanical clocks
More cosmopolitan culture.
Reestablished the safety of the Silk Road.
Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia.
The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family.
Founded the Imperial University
Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system)
Soldiers dropped to lowest status.
Confucianists at work; Daoists at home.
The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake!
Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation
Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported.
Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

14. Empress Wu Zetian,
The only female Empress in China’s history who ruled alone.
Searched for outstanding individuals to attract to her court.
Construction of new irrigation systems.
Buddhism was the favored state religion.
Financed the building of many Buddhist temples.
BUT… She appointed cruel and sadistic ministers to seek out her enemies.
The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family.
Founded the Imperial University
Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system)
Soldiers dropped to lowest status.
Confucianists at work; Daoists at home.
The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake!
Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation
Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported.
Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

15. Foot-Binding Emphasized dependence of women on men, home
Wealthy, aristocrats could afford practice, hire servants to do work
Feet of women broken, reformed around stilts
Women could not walk without pain but had to shuffle
Forced women to remain at home, dependent on others
Male sense of beauty at women’s expense
Poor, peasant women no foot-binding
Women had to work with men to support family
Men could not afford to have women at home, idle

16. Foot-Binding in Tang China
Broken toes by 3 years of age.
The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family.
Founded the Imperial University
Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system)
Soldiers dropped to lowest status.
Confucianists at work; Daoists at home.
The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake!
Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation
Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported.
Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.
Size 5 ½ shoe on the right

17. Foot-Binding in Tang China
The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family.
Founded the Imperial University
Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system)
Soldiers dropped to lowest status.
Confucianists at work; Daoists at home.
The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake!
Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation
Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported.
Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.
Mothers bound their daughters’ feet.

18. Foot-Binding in Tang China
The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family.
Founded the Imperial University
Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system)
Soldiers dropped to lowest status.
Confucianists at work; Daoists at home.
The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake!
Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation
Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported.
Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.
For upper-class girls, it became a new custom.

19. The Results of Foot-Binding
The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family.
Founded the Imperial University
Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system)
Soldiers dropped to lowest status.
Confucianists at work; Daoists at home.
The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake!
Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation
Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported.
Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

20. Tang Decline Causal and Careless leadership
Rebellion weakened the dynasty
The equal-field system deteriorated
A large scale peasant rebellion led by Huang Chao lasted from 875 to 884
Regional commanders gained power; beyond control of the emperor
The last Tang emperor abdicated his throne in 907

22. Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.
Song Taizu, Founder
Creation of an urban, merchant, middle class.
Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books.
Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power!
The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family.
Founded the Imperial University
Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system)
Soldiers dropped to lowest status.
Confucianists at work; Daoists at home.
The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake!
Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation
Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported.
Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

23. Market Economy Merchants in Charge Financial instruments
Only period in China where merchants socially superior to aristocrats
Intermarry with aristocrats, become landowners
Have sons admitted as Confucian bureaucrats
Financial instruments
Banking and credit institution
“Flying money " were letters of credit
Paper money backed by state, treasury
A cosmopolitan society
Foreign merchants in large cities of China
Mostly Arab (Muslim), Indian, S.E. Asian
Chinese merchants journeyed throughout region
Economic surge in China
Made China the wealthiest nation in the world at time
Promoted economic growth in the eastern hemisphere

24. Song Weaknesses Financial Military: Mostly foot soldiers External
Enormous bureaucracies with high salaries = no surplus
Forced to pay tribute to nomads to avoid war
Military: Mostly foot soldiers
External
Semi-nomadic Khitan, nomadic Jurchen attacked in north
Constant drain on treasury to pay tribute to nomads
Moved to South
ruled south China until 1279
Nomads invaded, overran northern Song lands
Song retreated to the South along Yangtze, moved capital
After defeat, constantly forced to pay tribute

25. Song Peasant Family
Above is a picture of Suzhou in Jiangsu province showing houses along the Grand Canal.
From north to south, the Grand Canal is over 1,700 kilometers (roughly 1,100 miles) long,
linking Hangzhou in Zhejiang province with Beijing in the north. An extremely important
water project that was first started in the Sui dynasty ( ), it connects several big rivers
and provides an important means of transportation and communication.
With the two pictures below in mind, how do you think the access to rivers and lakes would
have made the lifestyle of people in the south different from that of people in the north?

26. Rice Cultivation Began
Above is a picture of Suzhou in Jiangsu province showing houses along the Grand Canal.
From north to south, the Grand Canal is over 1,700 kilometers (roughly 1,100 miles) long,
linking Hangzhou in Zhejiang province with Beijing in the north. An extremely important
water project that was first started in the Sui dynasty ( ), it connects several big rivers
and provides an important means of transportation and communication.
With the two pictures below in mind, how do you think the access to rivers and lakes would
have made the lifestyle of people in the south different from that of people in the north?

27. Song Rice Cultivation
Above is a picture of Suzhou in Jiangsu province showing houses along the Grand Canal.
From north to south, the Grand Canal is over 1,700 kilometers (roughly 1,100 miles) long,
linking Hangzhou in Zhejiang province with Beijing in the north. An extremely important
water project that was first started in the Sui dynasty ( ), it connects several big rivers
and provides an important means of transportation and communication.
With the two pictures below in mind, how do you think the access to rivers and lakes would
have made the lifestyle of people in the south different from that of people in the north?

28. DEMOGRAPHIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENTS
Rice and new agricultural techniques
Population growth: 45 to 115 million inhabitants ( C.E.)
Extreme surplus of southern rice allowed cities to flourish
Necessitate vast grain shipments to cities
Urbanization: China most urbanized country
Chang'an had about 2 million residents
Hangzhou had about 1 million residents
Many cities boasted population of 100,000 or more

29. Feudal Japan Yamato Period 300-710
Began promoting adoption of Chinese culture
Confucianism
Language (characters)
Buddhist sects
Chinese art & architecture
Government structure
“Great Kings” era

30. Feudal Japan Heian Period: 794-1156
Growth of large landed estates
Arts & literature of China flourished
Elaborate court life [highly refined]
Personal diaries
The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon [10c]
Story of court life
First novel
The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki Shikibu
[1000 pgs.+]
Moving away from Chinese models in religion, arts, and government

31. Tale of Genji Scroll (first novel)

32. Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.
Europe
King
Land - Fief
Loyalty
Land - Fief
Lord
Lord
Loyalty
Knight
Knight
Knight
Food
Protection
Peasant
Peasant
Peasant
Peasant

33. Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.
Japan:
Shogun
Land - Shoen
Loyalty
Land - Shoen
Daimyo
Daimyo
Loyalty
Samurai
Samurai
Samurai
Food
Protection
Peasant
Peasant
Peasant
Peasant

34. The emperor reigned, but did not always rule!
Feudal Society

35. Medieval Warriors
vs.
European knight
Samurai Warrior

36. Medieval Warriors
vs.
Knight’s Armor
Samurai Armor

37. Full Samurai Attire

38. Code of Bushido vs. Chivalry
Fidelity
Politeness
Virility
Simplicity
Justice
Loyalty
Courage
Faith
Humility
Nobility

39. Warwick Castle, England

40. Osaka Castle

41. Main Gate of Hiroshima Castle