1. Exploiting the virtual value chain
by Jeffrey F. Rayport
and John J. Sviokla,
1995
Hayri Alper Arslan, Cigdem Damla Balaban, 2010

2. Marketplace vs. marketspace Physical world vs. virtual world
The value chain model treats information as a supporting element of the value-adding process, not as a source of value itself.
FedEx

3. Virtual Value Chain
To create and extract value with information, managers must turn to the virtual world of the marketspace.
Virtual Value Chain
Gathering information
Organizing information
Selecting information
Synthesizing information
Distributing information

4. Adapting to a virtual world
Geffen
How did they exploit the virtual
value chain?

5. VVC vs. PVC
The value chain of the marketspace mirrors that of the marketplace, but the value-adding steps are different in each realm.
The economic logic of the two chains is different:
The conventional understanding of the economies of scale and scope does not apply to the VCC.
The two chains must be managed distinctly but also in concert.

6. 3 stages of adopting to virtual world:
Visibility
Mirroring capabilities
New customer relationships
*Virtual value matrix

7. Visibility
The information generated in the course of traditional operating activities helps managers see their physical value chains as an integrated system rather than as a set of discrete though related activities.
Frito-Lay
Integration of functional areas
Information on suppliers, customers
and competitors
Combination of information from the
each stage of value chain and field data

8. Mirroring capabilities
Companies substitute virtual activities for physical activities: creation of a parallel value chain in the marketspace.
Managers ask the question “ what are we doing now in the place and what could we do more efficiently and more effectively in the space?”
Dramatic low-cost approaches to delivering extraordinarily high-value results to the customers.
Ford Motor Company: a global car with global appeal
Boeing: a synthetic environment for testing designs

9. New Customer Relationships
Once companies can manage value-adding activities across both chains, they can develop new customer relationships.
Usage of World Wide Web
Reinvention of new industries
United Services Automobile Association (USAA)
Through clever integration of the information harvested along the VVC and through a PVC that delivers goods and services, USAA creates new value for customers by serving a broader set of their needs.

10. The Value Matrix
Each stage of the virtual value chain allows for many new extracts from the flow of information.
Each extract could constitute a new product or service.
An automobile manufacturer & value adding
Lamborghini driving game & a new spin-off product
Creation of digital assets through integration of place and space; Image Technology International

11. Image Technology International
A digital approach to the capture, organization, selection, manipulation and distribution of photographic images: digital code is the raw material.
Lower cost of creating digital photos
Reusing the digital photos in several different ways
A digital image database
Considering how value is added in the information world, Image has invented the business model for the capture and display of images.

12. Implication for Management
The law of digital assets
New economies of scale
New economies of scope
Transaction-cost compression
Rebalancing supply and demand

13. Questions
Discuss the three stages of adapting to virtual world in detail.
How is a virtual value chain established? Name the steps.
What are new principles in managing virtual value chains in parallel to the physical value chains?

14. Answers- Question 1
Visibility; the information generated in the course of traditional operating activities helps managers see their physical value chains as an integrated system rather than as a set of discrete though related activities.
Mirroring Capabilites; companies substitute virtual activities for physical activities: creation of a parallel value chain in the marketspace.
New Customer Relationships; once companies can manage value-adding activities across both chains, they can develop new ways to reach customers and open in new markets.

15. Answers- Question 2
There are five stages in the creation of value chain. The most important ingredient in establishment of value chain is information.
Gathering information
Organizing information
Selecting information
Synthesizing information
Distributing information
With these stages companies detect market opportunities and exploit them with new products and services in the virtual value chain

16. Answers- Question 3 The law of digital assets New economies of scale
New economies of scope
Transaction-cost compression
Rebalancing supply and demand