1. Programming Microsoft SQL Server
David Henson

2. Logistics
Hours: 9:00am to 5:00pm
Lunch
Phones
Parking

3. Course Material Handouts of SQL scripts
“SQL Server 2008 for Developers”, Murach press

4. Recommended Reading
“Professional SQL Server 2000 Programming”, Wrox Press
One of the best technical resources: “Inside SQL Server 2000”,
Microsoft Press

5. Course Outline Chapter 1: Configuration/Tools
Chapter 2: T-SQL Language Elements
Chapter 3: Foundation T-SQL Statements
Chapter 4: Joins
Chapter 5: Subqueries and Summary Queries
Chapter 6: Changing Data
Chapter 7: Scripts, Batches and TSQL Extensions

6. Course Outline Chapter 8: Views Chapter 9: Stored Procedures
Chapter 10: User Defined Functions
Chapter 11: Triggers
Chapter 12: Cursors
Chapter 13: Transactions and Locks
Chapter 14: CLR Integration

7. Chapter 1: Configuration/Tools

8. Machine Setup Windows 2003, Standard Installation
SQL Server 2008, Enterprise Edition
Trial at
SQLClass Database
Will be built during class
\\instructor\public

9. Tools - Overview SQL Management Studio Query Editor Window SQLCMD.exe
Books Online
Misc. Tools:
Visual Studio .Net 2008
Older Tools:
Query Analyzer (isqlw.exe)

10. Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio

11. Query Editor Window

12. SQLCMD
C:\SQLCMD –Sserver -E
Osql /? For help, or see books online

13. Books Online Best help possible for syntax
best help possible for strangeness

14. Miscellaneous Tools Profiler Server Config Tool
Surface Area Configuration Tool
2005
Client Config Tool
Visual Studio 2005/ 2008

15. Chapter 2: T-SQL Language Elements

16. Statement Types DDL – Data Definition Language DCL DML
CREATE TABLE Orders(….)
DCL
GRANT SELECT ON Orders To Public
DML
SELECT Max(OrderDate) From Orders
INSERT Orders VALUES(….)
DELETE Orders WHERE OrderID = 10
UPDATE Orders
SET OrderAmount = 0 WHERE OrderID = 10

17. T-SQL Elements Comments Identifiers Variables Datatypes
System Functions
Operators
Expressions
Control-of-flow

18. Comments Block Comment Double Dash Edit/Advanced/Comment Out
/*Multi-line comments here*/
Double Dash
SELECT * FROM Orders -- This is a comment
Edit/Advanced/Comment Out

19. Identifiers Objects are identified internally by number
Object Interaction is by name
Standard Identifiers
Orders
Customers
Delimited Identifiers
[Spaces are evil]
[1Person]
Relevant Queries:
select object_id('products')
select * from sysobjects

20. Variables Must Be Declared Must Start with @ symbol
datetime
= getdate()
See also:
SET

21. Datatypes Numbers Bigint - +/- 2 to the 63rd power 8 bytes
Int - +/- 2,147,483, bytes
Smallint - 32,768 to 32, bytes
Tinyint 0 to byte
Bit 0,1 or null bytes
Decimal(precision,scale)
Default max precision 38 decimals

22. Datatypes Money, Smallmoney Datetime, Smalldatetime Char, Varchar
Getdate()
Char, Varchar
Nchar, nvarchar
Text
Timestamp/rowversion
Uniqueidentifier
Newid()

23. System Functions Getdate() Cast() Convert() “Global Variables”
SELECT

24. Operators + - * / % = > < >= <= <> Concatination +
= > < >= <= <>
Concatination +
AND, OR, NOT

25. Expressions Symbols and operators that evaluate to a single value
Must be used in the context of another query

26. Control of flow Somewhat limited compared to other languages WHILE
IF ELSE
BEGIN END block
CASE
WAITFOR
CONTINUE/BREAK

27. Lab 2A: T-SQL Language Elements
In this instructor led lab, students will practice using various T-SQL elements

28. Chapter 3: Foundation T-SQL Statements

29. ANSI SQL History Purpose Four Main DML Statements: SELECT INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE

30. SELECT Retrieve/Filter Rows Over 30 pages of online help!
SELECT <selectlist>
FROM <table1, n…>
WHERE <conditional expression>
ORDER BY <fieldlist>
Over 30 pages of online help!

31. INSERT Adds new rows to tables INSERT Customers VALUES( ‘Henson’,
‘Dave’, )

32. Update
Modifies existing records

33. Delete
Wipes out rows forever
Truncate Table Customers

34. Temp tables Preceed object name with a # during creation
New in SQL 2000 – table variables

35. Lab 3A: Foundation T-SQL
In this instructor led lab, we will establish business requirements and build our class database from the ground up.

36. Chapter 4: Joins

37. Data Environments OLTP OLAP Structured/Optimized for transactions
Data is organized in many tables
OLAP
Structured/Optimized for reporting
Large space requirements
Redundant Data

38. Putting Things Back Together Again
Joins pull together data from two or more tables
Basic Syntax
SELECT *
FROM Orders o
INNER JOIN OrderDetails od
ON o.OrderID = od.OrderID

39. Join Types INNER JOIN LEFT OUTER JOIN RIGHT OUTER JOIN FULL JOIN
CROSS JOIN

40. Inner Join Exclusive nature of inner join
Only rows that match in both input tables are returned

41. Outer Join All rows from “left” or “right are returned
Any matching rows from the other side are returned
Business questions:
“Show me all customers, and their purchases for the month”
“Show me all products, and their profit last week”

42. Full Join All data from both inputs are returned
Null is returned in cells where there is no intersection

43. Cross Join Cartesian product of two inputs Produces all intersections
Can produce mass amounts of data…good for populating databases

44. Joining multiple tables
Every join is between two “input” tables
One table could be an “intermediate result” of another join
Many errors(and hours of frustration) come from improper mixing of inner and outer joins

45. Self Joins Join a table to itself for recursive lookups
Must use table aliases
Example:
Employees table contains ManagerID field, which must be a valid EmployeeID

46. Chapter 5:Subqueries and Summary Queries

47. Grouping Summarizing
GROUP BY clause is often used for reporting, in conjunction with joins
Basic Structure:
SELECT <item>, <aggregate>
FROM <tablelist>
<join sets>
GROUP BY <item>

48. Having Clause
Having is the where clause applied to the aggregated data
SELECT ProductID, Sum(SaleAmount)
FROM Sales
GROUP BY ProductID
HAVING Sum(SaleAmount) > 1000

49. Aggregate functions Count(), Count(*) Sum() Min() Max() Avg()
Ceiling()
Floor()
Other statistical aggregates…

50. Unions Joins two complete result sets together
Field number and types must match
Good for adding summary lines to reports and pulling data together from multiple servers

51. Union Example SELECT Convert(varchar(20),saleDate,101),
qty * price as 'Amount'
FROM uniondemo
UNION all
'Grand Total' as 'GrandTotal',
sum(qty * price)

52. Lab 5A: Joins/Grouping/Summarizing
In this lab, students will use joins and grouping/summarizing to create business reports

53. Chapter 6: Creating/Altering Objects

54. Object Names Four part name must be unique: Short vs. Long
Server.Database.Owner.Object
Short vs. Long
Abbreviations
Using Natural Language Queries

55. Granting Access to Objects
Three layers of SQL Security:
Login
Windows or Standard
User
Database specific membership, tied to the login
Object Permissions
Permissions and permission type specific to the object
Sp_addlogin
Sp_adduser
GRANT statement
New in SQL 2005
CREATE LOGIN statement
CREATE USER statement

56. CREATE Database CREATE DATABASE [SQLClass] ON ( NAME = 'SQLClass',
FILENAME = 'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL.1\MSSQL\data\SQLClass.mdf' ,
SIZE = 1,
FILEGROWTH = 10%)
LOG ON (
NAME = 'SQLClass_log',
FILENAME = 'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL.1\MSSQL\data\SQLClass_log.LDF' ,
COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS
CREATE DATABASE database_name [ ON     [ < filespec > [ ,...n ] ]     [ , < filegroup > [ ,...n ] ] ] [ LOG ON { < filespec > [ ,...n ] } ] [ COLLATE collation_name ] [ FOR LOAD | FOR ATTACH ]
< filespec > ::=
[ PRIMARY ] ( [ NAME = logical_file_name , ]     FILENAME = 'os_file_name'     [ , SIZE = size ]     [ , MAXSIZE = { max_size | UNLIMITED } ]     [ , FILEGROWTH = growth_increment ] ) [ ,...n ]
< filegroup > ::=
FILEGROUP filegroup_name < filespec > [ ,...n ]

57. Setting Database Options
exec sp_dboption
'SQLClass', 'read only', 'false'

58. Create Table CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Customers] (
[CustomerID] [int] IDENTITY (1, 1) NOT NULL ,
[Customer ] [varchar] (30) NULL ,
[CustomerState] [varchar] (5) NOT NULL
) ON [PRIMARY] GO
CREATE TABLE     [ database_name.[ owner ] . | owner. ] table_name     ( { < column_definition >         | column_name AS computed_column_expression         | < table_constraint > ::= [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] }
            | [ { PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE } [ ,...n ]     ) [ ON { filegroup | DEFAULT } ] [ TEXTIMAGE_ON { filegroup | DEFAULT } ] < column_definition > ::= { column_name data_type }     [ COLLATE < collation_name > ]     [ [ DEFAULT constant_expression ]         | [ IDENTITY [ ( seed , increment ) [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ] ] ]     ]     [ ROWGUIDCOL]     [ < column_constraint > ] [ ...n ] < column_constraint > ::= [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]     { [ NULL | NOT NULL ]         | [ { PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE }             [ CLUSTERED | NONCLUSTERED ]             [ WITH FILLFACTOR = fillfactor ]             [ON {filegroup | DEFAULT} ] ]         ]         | [ [ FOREIGN KEY ]             REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ]             [ ON DELETE { CASCADE | NO ACTION } ]             [ ON UPDATE { CASCADE | NO ACTION } ]             [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ]         ]         | CHECK [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ]         ( logical_expression )     }
< table_constraint > ::= [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]     { [ { PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE }         [ CLUSTERED | NONCLUSTERED ]         { ( column [ ASC | DESC ] [ ,...n ] ) }         [ WITH FILLFACTOR = fillfactor ]         [ ON { filegroup | DEFAULT } ]     ]     | FOREIGN KEY         [ ( column [ ,...n ] ) ]         REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column [ ,...n ] ) ]         [ ON DELETE { CASCADE | NO ACTION } ]         [ ON UPDATE { CASCADE | NO ACTION } ]         [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ]     | CHECK [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ]         ( search_conditions )     }

59. Creating Other Objects
View
Stored Procedure
User Defined Function(UDF)
Datatype

60. Alter Database Add/remove data and log files Alter properties of files
ALTER DATABASE Test1
MODIFY FILE (
NAME = test1dat3,
SIZE = 20MB )
Alter filenames and locations
ALTER DATABASE database { ADD FILE < filespec > [ ,...n ] [ TO FILEGROUP filegroup_name ] | ADD LOG FILE < filespec > [ ,...n ] | REMOVE FILE logical_file_name | ADD FILEGROUP filegroup_name | REMOVE FILEGROUP filegroup_name | MODIFY FILE < filespec > | MODIFY NAME = new_dbname | MODIFY FILEGROUP filegroup_name {filegroup_property | NAME = new_filegroup_name } | SET < optionspec > [ ,...n ] [ WITH < termination > ] | COLLATE < collation_name > }
< filespec > ::=
( NAME = logical_file_name     [ , NEWNAME = new_logical_name ]     [ , FILENAME = 'os_file_name' ]     [ , SIZE = size ]     [ , MAXSIZE = { max_size | UNLIMITED } ]     [ , FILEGROWTH = growth_increment ] )
< optionspec > ::=
    < state_option >     | < cursor_option >     | < auto_option >     | < sql_option >     | < recovery_option >
    < state_option > ::=         { SINGLE_USER | RESTRICTED_USER | MULTI_USER }         | { OFFLINE | ONLINE }         | { READ_ONLY | READ_WRITE }
    < termination > ::=         ROLLBACK AFTER integer [ SECONDS ]         | ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE         | NO_WAIT
    < cursor_option > ::=         CURSOR_CLOSE_ON_COMMIT { ON | OFF }         | CURSOR_DEFAULT { LOCAL | GLOBAL }
    < auto_option > ::=         AUTO_CLOSE { ON | OFF }         | AUTO_CREATE_STATISTICS { ON | OFF }         | AUTO_SHRINK { ON | OFF }         | AUTO_UPDATE_STATISTICS { ON | OFF }
    < sql_option > ::= …

61. Alter Table Adding fields – last position only Adding a primary key
ALTER TABLE table
{ [ ALTER COLUMN column_name
{ new_data_type [ ( precision [ , scale ] ) ]
[ COLLATE < collation_name > ]
[ NULL | NOT NULL ]
| {ADD | DROP } ROWGUIDCOL } ]
| ADD
{ [ < column_definition > ]
| column_name AS computed_column_expression
} [ ,...n ]
| [ WITH CHECK | WITH NOCHECK ] ADD
{ < table_constraint > } [ ,...n ]
| DROP
{ [ CONSTRAINT ] constraint_name
| COLUMN column } [ ,...n ]
| { CHECK | NOCHECK } CONSTRAINT
{ ALL | constraint_name [ ,...n ] }
| { ENABLE | DISABLE } TRIGGER
{ ALL | trigger_name [ ,...n ] } }
< column_definition > ::=
{ column_name data_type }
[ [ DEFAULT constant_expression ] [ WITH VALUES ]
| [ IDENTITY [ (seed , increment ) [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ] ] ]
[ ROWGUIDCOL ]
[ < column_constraint > ] [ ...n ]
< column_constraint > ::=
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ [ NULL | NOT NULL ]
| [ { PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE }
[ CLUSTERED | NONCLUSTERED ]
[ WITH FILLFACTOR = fillfactor ]
[ ON { filegroup | DEFAULT } ]
| [ [ FOREIGN KEY ]
REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ]
[ ON DELETE { CASCADE | NO ACTION } ]
[ ON UPDATE { CASCADE | NO ACTION } ]
[ NOT FOR REPLICATION ]
| CHECK [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ]
( logical_expression ) …

62. Managing Database Size
Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio – recommended method
Scripts
DBCC SHRINKDATABASE     ( database_name [ , target_percent ]         [ , { NOTRUNCATE | TRUNCATEONLY } ]     )

63. DROP Statement Destroys object forever Object can not be in use
Examples:
DROP TABLE Customers
DROP PROC pr_salesreport

64. Reverse-Scripting Objects

65. Information Schema Views
ANSI SQL method for extracting metadata
Implemented as a set of views in MS SQL
Information_schema.tables
Information_schema.columns

66. Chapter 6: Constraints

67. Constraint Types
Domain
Entity
Referential Integrity

68. Key Constraints
Primary Key
Foreign Key
Unique

69. Constraint Scope Column Level Table Level
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Customers] (
[CustomerID] [int] IDENTITY (1, 1) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY ,
[Customer ] [varchar] (30) NULL ,
[CustomerState] [varchar] (5) NULL
) ON [PRIMARY] GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Products] ADD
CONSTRAINT [PK_Products] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (
[ProductID],
[ProductName]
) ON [PRIMARY] GO

70. Check Constraints ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Products] ADD
CONSTRAINT [CK_Products_No_Nissan] CHECK ([Productname] <> 'nissan sentra')

71. Default Constraints

72. Disabling Constraints
Bad Data During Constraint Creation?
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Products]
WITH NOCHECK
ADD CONSTRAINT [CK_Products_No_Nissan]
CHECK ([Productname] <> 'nissan sentra')
Temporarily During Data Load
ALTER TABLE Products
NOCHECK
CONSTRAINT CK_Products_No_Nissan

73. Other Data Integrity Objects
Rule Object
Default Object
Non-ansi, outdated

74. Other Data Integrity Methods
Triggers
Good for non-normalized data
Procedural
No inserts allowed, only use of Stored Procs that perform the insert/update/delete after checking data
Can perform modifications in more than one table
Application Role
Client application gets hard coded password
Updates only allowed through that application

75. Chapter 7 : Scripts and Batches

76. Scripts Text file containing one or more batches
Can make use of local variables or system functions like

77. Batches A group of on or more SQL statements into one logical unit
Any syntax errors in the batch makes the whole batch fail
Runtime errors will not undo previous batch statements
A batch is not equivalent to a transaction
Marked by the GO keyword, which is not sent to the server

78. Batch Use Certain create statements require their own batch
Use batches to complete one section of code before another section starts
Local variables only have scope in the current batch

79. Using EXEC Allows dynamic execution of an SQL string
Cannot reference local variables, only the string variable it is using
System vars like still resolve
Concatenation should be done in a variable before passing it to EXEC
Cannot be used in a UDF

80. Chapter 8: Views

81. What is a view Stored in the database as a query
Has standard object name
Works like a table, with limitations
Updates restricted
Provides a layer of abstraction
Renaming fields
Hiding fields
Enterprise edition allows indexing

82. Creating Views CREATE VIEW TopSellers AS SELECT TOP 10 * FROM PRODUCTS
ORDER BY ItemsSold
CREATE VIEW [ < database_name > . ] [ < owner > . ] view_name [ ( column [ ,...n ] ) ] [ WITH < view_attribute > [ ,...n ] ] AS select_statement [ WITH CHECK OPTION ] < view_attribute > ::=     { ENCRYPTION | SCHEMABINDING | VIEW_METADATA }

83. Restrictions Expressed as one select statement
Subqueries and joins are OK
ORDER BY only allowed if TOP is specified
Max 1024 columns
Updates
Allowed if referencing only one table
“Instead of” triggers make them updatable in other cases
Partioned views increase performance
Derived columns must have column names

84. Performance Views on Views reduce performance
Enterprise Edition allows performance gains:
Indexed Views
Partitioned Views
Indexes on base tables are used

85. Security
Can be used to hide sensitive data
Ownership chain evaluation

86. Dropping Views
Schema binding prevents dropping dependent objects

87. Lab 8A: Creating and Using Views

88. Chapter 9: Stored Procedures

89. Basic Syntax

90. Types of sprocs System stored procedure: Local stored procedure:
Name begins with sp_
Created in master database
Intention is for application in any database
Often used by sysadmins
Local stored procedure:
Defined in the local database
Name often starts with pr_

91. Executing an sproc
EXEC pr_GetTopProducts

92. Parameters
@param as datatype = default [OUT]

93. Executing an sproc with parameters
By Name:
EXEC pr_GetTopProducts
@StartID = = 10
By Position:
EXEC pr_GetTopProducts 1, 10
Leveraging Default values
EXEC

94. Order of parameters
Place parameters with default values at the end of the list for flexibility of use

95. Output parameters
Used to send non-recordset information back to client
Procedural insert example, which returns identity field

96. Error checking and data validation
Sprocs that modify data can conditionally check the data first

97. Return Used to return the success/failure status of the sproc
The return statement halts all other execution

98. Raising errors
RAISERROR(‘demo error’, 1, 1)

99. Extended Stored Procs
Xp_cmdshell ‘dir’

100. Debugging

101. Chapter 10: User Defined Functions

102. Basic Syntax CREATE FUNCTION dbo.fn_total(@param1 datatype)
RETURNS datatype2 AS
BEGIN
datatype2
here
END

103. 3 Types Scalar Inline table values Multi-statement table valued
Returns a single value
Evaluated for every row if used in select line
Inline table values
Returns a variable of type table
Single select statement defines the table
Multi-statement table valued
Multiple statements populate table values

104. Uses of Functions Can greatly simplify the select line
Can improve reliablility of data by reducing the number of joins and encapsulating queries
Good choice for summarizing transactional data

105. UDF Considerations
Can not use non-deterministic functions like getdate(), which depends on system settings to provide output
Must use two part name

106. Creating System Functions
Create the function in master database
Change the owner to system_function_schema:
sp_changeobjectowner
'fn_somefunc2',
'system_function_schema'

107. Chapter 11:Triggers

108. Basic Syntax CREATE TRIGGER trg_one ON tablename
FOR INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE AS
BEGIN
SELECT * FROM Inserted
SELECT * FROM Deleted
END

109. Uses of triggers No change of front end code is required to perform:
Automation
Notification
Logging/Auditing
Maintaining de-normalized data

110. Trigger Types For or After Instead Of
Synonymous – Operates at the end of the transaction, in addition to the data change operation
Instead Of
Operates in place of the data change command

111. DML
INSERT, UPDATE & DELETE
DDL
On creation/deletion of objects

112. Trigger Considerations
“Inserted” table
“Deleted” table
Ater trigger participates in the transaction
Can rollback any data changes if needed
User needs permissions on any object hit by the trigger

113. Chapter 12: Cursors

114. Record Operations vs. Set Operations

115. Cursor Types Sensitivity to database changes Dynamic Keyset Static
Yes – all changes, but most overhead
Keyset
Yes, but only for updates and deletes
Static
No-Runs from a copy in TempDB

116. Basic Syntax DECLARE demo_cursor CURSOR READ_ONLY
FOR SELECT ProductID FROM Northwind..Products ORDER BY ProductID
nvarchar(50)
OPEN demo_cursor
FETCH NEXT FROM demo_cursor
WHILE <> -1)
BEGIN
IF <> -2)
varchar(100)
= 'The product is: '
END
CLOSE demo_cursor
DEALLOCATE demo_cursor GO

117. Cursor Options
GLOBAL/LOCAL
STATIC
KEYSET
DYNAMIC
FAST FORWARD

118. The Fetch Statement
NEXT
PRIOR
FIRST
LAST
ABSOLUTE
RELATIVE

119. @@Fetch_Status -2 Means row was deleted -1 Means past the last row
Global to all cursors on the current connection

120.
Returns number of rows available for the last cursor that was opened on this connection
Returns -1 if cursor is dynamic

121. Performance Issues Avoid Cursors when possible
Consider client-side processing in lieu of cursors

122. Chapter 13: Transactions and Locks

123. Concurrency Problems Lost Updates Dirty Reads Nonrepeatable Reads
Two transactions select the same row, then update the row based on the values selected. The last one to save wins.
Dirty Reads
One transaction selects data from another uncommited(unfinished) update
Nonrepeatable Reads
Select statement of the same data returns different values because another transaction has changed the data between reads
Phantom Reads
Update or delete is performed on a set when another transaction is performing and insert or delete than affects a row in the set

124. Transaction Isolation Level
READ UNCOMMITTED
Allows all concurrency problems
READ COMMITTED
Default. Prevents dirty reads.
REPEATABLE READ
Only allows phantom reads.
SNAPSHOT
New in Uses row versioning feature to store a copy of the data in TempDB database. Like serializable with less locking problems.
SERIALIZABLE
Safest, most locking timeout issues

125. Modifiying the transaction isolation level
SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SNAPSHOT

126. Lockable Resources Database Allocation Unit Metadata File Table
Collection of pages
Metadata
File
Table
Heap or B-tree
Extent
Page
Key
Row

127. Lock Modes Shared Locks Exclusive Locks Schema Stability (Sch-S)
Intent Shared(IS)
Prevents other transactions from gaining (X)
Shared(S)
Update(U)
Read but can’t update until escalated to (X)
Exclusive Locks
Shared with Intent Exclusive(SIX)
Intent Exclusive(IX)
Exclusive(X)
Bulk Update(BU)
Schema Modification(Sch-M)

128. Basic Transaction Syntax
BEGIN TRAN [tranname]
--Multiple data edits here
If = 0
COMMIT TRAN
Else
ROLLBACK TRAN

129. Considerations
Exactly two outcomes of a transaction:success or failure
Enforced by locks
Critical for data integrity between tables
Foreign key only enforces data contents in one direction
Contention problems are geometric in nature

130. Managing locks
Sp_who2
Sp_lock

131. Chapter 14: .Net/CLR Integration

132. Definitions CLR Assembly Common Language Runtime Compiled .Net Code
Manages Security
Manages Memory and Cleanup of Resources
Assembly
Compiled .Net Code
.dll
.exe
Houses Classes with Methods and Properties

133. CLR Objects in SQL Server
Stored Procedures
Functions
Triggers
Aggregate Functions(UDA)*
User-Defined Types*
Can perform validation
Provides for Methods and Types
*No builtin SQL equivalent

134. When to Use CLR Objects Performance is not paramount
To perform tasks not available in SQL
Leverage a class library
Stats
Mathmatics
Encryption
When it works better for you

135. Enabling CLR Or
EXEC
RECONFIGURE WITH OVERRIDE

136. Adding CLR Objects with Visual Studio
Visual Studio Express – CLR projects not supported

137. CLR Behind the Scenes Compile the code into an assembly
csc /target:library sp1.cs /r:"C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL.1\MSSQL\Binn\sqlaccess.dll"
Use CREATE ASSEMBLY
CREATE ASSEMBLY CLRAssembly
FROM 'C:\tmp\Sp1.dll'
WITH PERMISSION_SET = SAFE
Use CREATE PROC
CREATE PROC EchoCLR
@Message NVARCHAR(255) AS
EXTERNAL NAME CLRAssembly.[Sp1].Echo GO

138. Chapter 15: SQL 2005/TSQL Extensions

139. Common Table Expressions
CTE’s are an ANSI 1999 Standard
WITH clause used as a preface for SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE
Like a “Temporary View”
CTE Always Produces a Set of Rows and the Names of Columns for Those Rows

140. Simple CTE Example WITH pi(constant) AS ( SELECT 3.14159265358979 )
SELECT constant FROM pi

141. CTE Heirarchical Example
CREATE TABLE Employees (
EmployeeID int primary key nonclustered,
EmployeeName varchar(50),
ManagerID int
CONSTRAINT FK_ManagerID
FOREIGN KEY References Employees(EmployeeID) )

142. CTE Heirarchical Example
--EmployeeID 1 is the boss
INSERT employees(EmployeeID, EmployeeName, ManagerID)
VALUES(1,'Andrew',1)
--Reports to EmployeeID 1
VALUES(2,'Dave',1)
VALUES(3,'Anne',1)
--Reports to EmployeeID 3
VALUES(4,'Alex',3)
VALUES(5,'Sandy',3)

143. CTE Heirarchical Example
CREATE FUNCTION int)
RETURNS int AS
BEGIN
int;
WITH Reports(EmployeeID) (
SELECT EmployeeID FROM Employees
WHERE ManagerID
AND EmployeeID <> 1
UNION ALL
SELECT e.EmployeeID FROM Employees e
INNER JOIN Reports r
ON r.EmployeeID = e.ManagerID )
FROM Reports
END

144. CTE Heirarchical Example
select
employeename,
Subordinates=dbo.SubordinateCount(employeeid)
from employees
employeename Subordinates
Andrew
Dave
Anne
Alex
Sandy

145. .NET Extensions
Code can be compiled to an assembly, then referenced in an SQL query
Applies to functions, stored procedures, triggers, aggregate functions, user-defined datatypes(classes)

146. MARS Multiple Active Result Sets
Applies only to SQL Server 2005 and ADO.NET 2.0(SQL Native Client)

147. Service Broker
Allows for asynchronous execution of queries

148. Try Catch syntax BEGIN TRY EXEC sp_ProcThatCallsRaiserror END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
PRINT ‘Exception Occurred’
END CATCH

149. RowNumber() SELECT Result=row_number()
OVER(order by employeename asc),
EmployeeName,
Subordinates=dbo.reports(employeeid)
FROM employees
Result employeename Subordinates
Alex
Andrew
Anne
Dave
Sandy

150. OUTPUT clause CREATE TABLE DeletedEmployeeIDs ( employeeid int )
DELETE Employees
OUTPUT deleted.EmployeeID
INTO DeletedEmployeeIDs

151. PIVOT Clause SELECT * FROM SALES
CREATE TABLE SALES (
[Year] INT,
Quarter CHAR(2),
Amount FLOAT )
INSERT INTO SALES VALUES (2001, 'Q2', 70)
INSERT INTO SALES VALUES (2001, 'Q3', 55)
INSERT INTO SALES VALUES (2001, 'Q3', 110)
SELECT * FROM SALES
PIVOT (SUM (Amount) — Aggregate the Amount column using SUM
FOR [Quarter] — Pivot the Quarter column into column headings
IN (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4)) — use these quarters
AS P
Year Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
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152. XML DataType