1. Federalism Review

2. Major Concepts
Federalism- balance of power between national and regional (state and local governments)
Supremacy Clause- Article VI establishes the US Constitution and laws supreme over state constitutions and laws
10th Amendment- any power not granted to the national govt. or denied to the states is reserved to the states (reserved powers)
Enumerated (expressed powers)- those powers clearly listed in the Constitution
Implied powers- powers that allow the national govt. to carry out their enumerated powers
Gibbons v. Ogden- broad interpretation of the Elastic Clause, strengthened the federal govt. by granting them the power to regulate interstate commerce
Necessary and Proper (Elastic) Clause, aka Commerce clause- Constitutional provision most exercised to strengthen natl. govt. power
McCulloch v. Maryland- Granted implied powers to the natl. govt, reaffirmed supremacy of natl. govt. over state govts.

3. Major Concepts Fiscal federalism
Categorical grants- $$ given for a specific purpose, little room for state discretion on how it is spent
Block grants- more state discretion
Unfunded mandates- Federal govt. forces state and local govts. to pay for nationally adopted programs (ie- Medicaid, Americans with Disabilities Act)
Dual federalism (layer cake model)- pre-New Deal model, clear distinction between national and state responsibilities
Cooperative federalism (marble cake model)- more like our govt. today, more shared responsibilities between natl. and state govts.

4. The terms “fiscal federalism” and “cooperative federalism” refer to situations in which
The federal government completely dominates state and local governments
States are forbidden any activity that has not been specifically approved by the Supreme Court
The federal judiciary uses its powers of judicial review to ensure congressional dominance over state legislatures
State, municipal, and local income taxes are pooled by special agreement and redistribution in accordance with individual need
Federal, state, and local governments work together to complete a project, with the federal government providing much of the funding

5. The terms “fiscal federalism” and “cooperative federalism” refer to situations in which
The federal government completely dominates state and local governments
States are forbidden any activity that has not been specifically approved by the Supreme Court
The federal judiciary uses its powers of judicial review to ensure congressional dominance over state legislatures
State, municipal, and local income taxes are pooled by special agreement and redistribution in accordance with individual need
Federal, state, and local governments work together to complete a project, with the federal government providing much of the funding

6. Of the following, which has been used most to expand the power of the national government?
The commerce clause
The habeas corpus clause
The bill of attainder clause
The First Amendment
The Tenth Amendment

7. Of the following, which has been used most to expand the power of the national government?
The commerce clause
The habeas corpus clause
The bill of attainder clause
The First Amendment
The Tenth Amendment

8. The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to
Prevent states from taxing agencies of the federal government
Reserve powers to the states
Restrict the application of judicial review
Allow for the burning of the flag as an expression of protest
Limit the use of legislative veto

9. The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to
Prevent states from taxing agencies of the federal government
Reserve powers to the states
Restrict the application of judicial review
Allow for the burning of the flag as an expression of protest
Limit the use of legislative veto

10. Which of the following actions by the federal government best illustrates the concept of unfunded mandates?
Requiring that polling booths remain open beyond the hours of the workday
Requiring states and municipalities (cities) to provide certain services to their citizens without providing resources to pay for those services
Requiring state governments to guarantee short-term bonds issued by large municipalities
Requiring all municipalities to impose a minimum property tax on all residential and business properties
Requiring states and municipalities to privatize many previously publicly funded services

11. Which of the following actions by the federal government best illustrates the concept of unfunded mandates?
Requiring that polling booths remain open beyond the hours of the workday
Requiring states and municipalities (cities) to provide certain services to their citizens without providing resources to pay for those services
Requiring state governments to guarantee short-term bonds issued by large municipalities
Requiring all municipalities to impose a minimum property tax on all residential and business properties
Requiring states and municipalities to privatize many previously publicly funded services

12. The procedure for formally amending the United States Constitution best illustrates which of the following?
The dominance of the national government over the states
The dominance of the state governments over the national government
The Founding Fathers’ desire to facilitate rapid constitutional revisions
The Supreme Court’s power to review constitutional amendments
The federalist structure of the United States

13. The procedure for formally amending the United States Constitution best illustrates which of the following?
The dominance of the national government over the states
The dominance of the state governments over the national government
The Founding Fathers’ desire to facilitate rapid constitutional revisions
The Supreme Court’s power to review constitutional amendments
The federalist structure of the United States

14. States and localities have the most discretion in establishing policy when federal funding is derived from
Categorical grants
Matching grants
Block grants
Project grants
Grants-in-aid

15. States and localities have the most discretion in establishing policy when federal funding is derived from
Categorical grants
Matching grants
Block grants
Project grants
Grants-in-aid

16. The reserved powers of the state governments can best be described as those powers
Not specifically granted to the national government or denied to the states
Implied in the First Amendment
Listed specifically in the Tenth Amendment
Exercised by both national and state governments
Granted to states as part of the implied powers doctrine

17. The reserved powers of the state governments can best be described as those powers
Not specifically granted to the national government or denied to the states
Implied in the First Amendment
Listed specifically in the Tenth Amendment
Exercised by both national and state governments
Granted to states as part of the implied powers doctrine

18. In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court established which of the following principles?
States cannot interfere with or tax the legitimate activities of the federal government
The judicial branch cannot intervene in political disputes between the President and Congress
The federal Bill of Rights places no limitations on the states
The federal government has the power to regulate commerce
It is within the judiciary’s authority to interpret the constitution

19. In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court established which of the following principles?
States cannot interfere with or tax the legitimate activities of the federal government
The judicial branch cannot intervene in political disputes between the President and Congress
The federal Bill of Rights places no limitations on the states
The federal government has the power to regulate commerce
It is within the judiciary’s authority to interpret the constitution

20. In a federal system of government, political power is primarily
Vested in local governments
Vested in the regional governments
Vested in the central government
Divided between the central government and regional governments
Divided between regional governments and local governments

21. In a federal system of government, political power is primarily
Vested in local governments
Vested in the regional governments
Vested in the central government
Divided between the central government and regional governments
Divided between regional governments and local governments

22. Essay Prompt
The power of the federal government in relation to the power of the states has increased since the ratification of the Constitution.
a. Describe two of the following provisions of the Constitution and explain how each has been used over time to expand federal power
The power to tax and spend
The necessary and proper clause
The commerce clause
b. Explain how one of the following has increased the power of the federal government relative to the power of the state governments
Americans with Disabilities Act
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Clean Air Act

23. Essay Prompt The framers of the Constitution created a federal system
Define federalism
Select two of the following and explain how each has been used to increase the power of the federal government relative to the states.
Categorical grants
Federal mandates
Selective incorporation
Select two of the following and explain how each has been used to increase the power of the states relative to the federal government.
Welfare Reform Act of 1996
Block grants
Tenth Amendment