1. Non-Fatal Offences Evaluation

2. Question you need to be able to answer
Critically evaluate the current law on non-fatal offences, and suggest any reforms that you consider might improve the law (25 marks)

3. Criticisms Problem of language Problem of hierarchy of seriousness
Problems of Mens Rea
Outdated

4. Criticisms - Introduction
Law Commission Report 1993 described OAPA and common assault as “inefficient as a vehicle for controlling violence” where “many aspects of the law are still obscure and its application erratic”
Law on non-fatal offences often criticised for being chaotic, unjust, irrational, outdated and unclear

5. Problem of Language – General
Key words used in ss47, 20 and 18 OAPA not defined in the statute so require interpretation
Terminology like “grievous”, “actual” and “bodily harm” is continually evolving through cases – leads to inconsistent decision making

6. Malicious In everyday life, how would you use the word “malicious”?
What other words would you use in its place?
Would you ever use it to mean reckless?

7. Problem of Language – “Malicious”
A lot of the language is old fashioned and badly drafted
e.g. “maliciously” in ss20 and 18 – interpreted in Cunningham to cover recklessness but usual modern meaning implies a bad motive.
Also, “maliciously” is the only clue for MR in s20 but completely pointless in s18 where MR is made clear through the word “intent”

8. Problem of Language – “inflict/cause”
There are inconsistencies in the use of language
S20 uses “inflict” while s18 uses “cause”
“Inflict” used to be interpreted narrowly so you needed to show an assault or battery (like S.47)
But Ireland; Burstow held that “inflict” should be given the same meaning as “cause” therefore no need to show assault/battery
This is criticised as potentially allowing liability for s20 when there is insufficient fault on D’s part to justify the serious charge
It could be easier to prove s20 than s47 (which requires an assault/battery to be found)

9. Wounding
Would you ever class a pin prick as a wounding in everyday life?

10. Problem of Language – “wounding”
Meaning of wounding not in the act and developed by case law
Current definition is breaking of both layers of skin – doesn’t fit the normal understanding of the word – could be liable for s20 for pricking V’s finger with a pin
Although Charging Standard recommends such minor injuries are more appropriately charged under s47 – but these are only guidelines, not legally binding

11. Problem of Hierarchy of Seriousness
Reminder of maximum sentences:
Assault – 6 months
Battery – 6 months
S47 – 5 years
S20 – 5 years
S18 – life sentence

12. Problem of Hierarchy of Seriousness
Potential overlap between common assault and S47 – threshold of harm for S47 is set very low – all harm which is considered more than “transient and trifling” – Miller
Injuries for battery and those at lower end of S47 could be morally similar but significant disparity in sentence (6 months v 5 years)
S20 much more serious that S47 but maximum sentence for both is 5 years
Maximum sentence for S18 jumps to life imprisonment – may seem disproportionate when the only difference between S20 and S18 is motive and level of harm is the same

13. Problem of Hierarchy of Seriousness
HLA Hart said these issues “might bring the law into disrepute” as “principles of justice or fairness between different offenders require morally distinguishable offences to be treated differently and morally similar offences to be treated alike”

14. Out of the 5 Non-Fatal Offences, which have matching AR and MR and which don’t?
Assault?
Matching (both apprehension of immediate unlawful violence)
Battery?
Matching (both application of immediate unlawful violence)
S.47?
Not matching (AR is ABH, MR is assault/battery)
S.20?
Not matching (AR is GBH/Wounding, MR is some harm)
S.18?
Matching (AR is GBH/Wounding, MR is serious harm)

15. Problem of Mens Rea
AR and MR often don’t match – MR is often for lower offence than AR
S.47 – AR is actual bodily harm but MR is only for an assault or battery – does not need to intend or foresee any injury
S.20 – AR is grievous bodily harm but MR is only “some harm” (Mowatt)
These are criticised for failing to match punishment to the culpability (blameworthiness) of D – therefore unjust

16. Problem – Outdated
Legislation drafted in a different age – needs updating to better reflect concerns of modern society
Lord Steyn in Ireland; Burstow – “the Victorian legislator…would not have in mind psychiatric illness” but mental illness now an established area of medical health
In 1861 – no telephone, , text etc.
Judges have had to use very liberal interpretation in order to include psychiatric harm and written communications via modern technology
Dica – biological GBH (AIDS transmission) – judges had to use very liberal interpretation and the OAPA is not really suitable to deal with cases to do with transmission of AIDS or STIs

17. Suggested Reforms
Criminal Law Revision Committee published proposals for reform in 1981
These proposals formed the basis of the Law Commission Report 1993 and an attached draft Bill which was never put before Parliament
Labour Government produced a consultation document and draft Bill in 1998 – “Violence: Reforming the Offences Against the Persons Act 1861” very similar to Law Commission Bill including the following proposals:

18. Reform 1 – Statutory Definitions
Statutory definitions are provided for assault and battery

19. Reform 2 – S.47 replaced
New offence of intentionally or recklessly causing injury to another person
Maximum sentence of 5 years
No longer a need to prove assault or battery
“Injury” defined to mean “physical injury” – including pain, unconsciousness and any impairment of a person’s physical condition, and also “mental injury” – including impairment of a person’s mental health

20. Reform 3 – S.20 and S.18 Replaced
Separate offences of:
Recklessly causing a serious injury to another
Intentionally causing a serious injury to another
Maximum sentences – 7 years (reckless) and Life (intent)
No more reference to wounding
Word “inflict” is removed and all references are to “cause”

21. Reform 4 – Mens Rea MR matches the offence
Reckless D only charged under new S.47 if he has foresight of the injury rather than just the battery
Reckless D only charged under new S.20 if he had foresight of serious injury

22. Reform 5 - Infection
Apart from new S.18 “physical injury” will not include disease – person only liable if he intends to infect another with a serious sexual disease – reckless infection not an offence

23. Criticisms of the Reforms
Reforms never enacted but still attract criticism
New S.47 should also be divided into 2 separate offences based on recklessness or intent
Definition of “injury” still fails to establish clear dividing line between what might constitute S.47 and what would be battery
“Serious” not defined
“Assault” continues to mean both assault and battery