1. A PROGRAMME FOR IMPROVING LAND GOVERNANCE TRANSPARENCY IN ETHIOPIA Christopher Tanner Mokoro Ltd, Oxford, UK Tigistu Gebremeskel Abza Director, Land Use and Administration Department Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa
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2. Overview
Ethiopia has been the focus of criticisms of its land governance performance in recent years
Tensions and open conflict in 2016 included land-related causes as land has been expropriated for new projects and to accommodate expanding urban boundaries
A recent report by a DAI-led consortium has however identified some positive trends and opportunities to change the approach
An analysis of these trends and opportunities has resulted in development of a Plan to Improve Transparency in Land Governance
The Plan combines:
Measures addressing land administration challenges
Land governance within an inclusive development strategy
Promoting dialogue and consensus building leading to new measures included in the 3rd Growth and Transformation Plan

3. Context
Political economy of land governance and rural development defined by five key elements:
Land ownership vested in ‘State and peoples of Ethiopia’
A dynamic and rapidly growing market economy, driving demand for land near cities and transport routes
60 percent of population still dependent on land for basic livelihoods
Government with a strong ‘development-state’ approach and transformational agenda (large scale agriculture/ smallholder development with industrialization)
Weak institutional capacity at all levels leads to poor governance and decision making, impacting on women and vulnerable groups especially

4. Transparency report Problems in recent years
Large scale land allocations
Pastoralist rights etc.
Recent tensions evidence of things not going well
BUT….signs of positive changes and opportunities
Second Level Land Certification (SLLC) is progressing with full Government commitment (LIFT/REILA, others)
New Rural Land Administration being developed (LIFT/REILA)
Land legislation allowing greater flexibility in use of land
Government aware of LSLA problems - open to new approach
€3.8 million EU/GIZ project (VGGT and PRAI principles)
Willingness to engage with stakeholders and CBOs
Some signs of shifting position on pastoralist rights
More stakeholder engagement (EthioLandNet etc)

5. LGAF and other research
Negative impact of very weak land administration capacity
This creates space for poor decision making and corruption
Evidence that women and vulnerable group rights are still at risk from unequal gender and power relations
Supports conclusions that legal framework provides elements for a more participatory sustainable approach
Substantial body of national expertise already available
OTHER RESEARCH (OFFICIAL INVESTMENT DATA, GTP ASSESSMENT)
Most investment in range up to 500 HA, and domestic
Need sustained improvement in data quality/analysis/publicity
‘Go beyond the dichotomy of large versus small and look instead at new ways of combining the two’ (Ali & Deininger 2016)
LSLAs underperforming; better due diligence etc.

6. Policy environment 1
GTP2 – Five year Growth and Transformation Plan ( )
AGRARIAN TRANSFORMATION
Smallholder crop production main source of sector growth
Educational investment in young people including agriculture
Provide domestic support for national and foreign investors
LINK TO INDUSTRIALISATION PROGRAMME (JOBS, INPUTS)
LAND
Land access critical (3.1 mn HA to investors by 2019/20)
Focus on domestic small and medium investor ( ha)
Educational investment in young people including agriculture
Provide domestic support for national and foreign investors
LINK TO INDUSTRIALISATION PROGRAMME (JOBS, INPUTS)

7. Policy environment 2 URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND RURAL LAND
Focus still on expropriation (look for alternatives)
Very poor compensation
No regulatory guide for process of planning/land acquisition
New project - urban land administration and land for housing
Needs regulatory reform and support to process issues
NEW LARGE SCALE COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE (LSCA) STRATEGY
Focus on raw material supply to national industry
Address ‘livelihood protection and community development’
Smallholder transformation ‘as the dominant supply source’
Shift from LSLA to agri-business and value chain approach
Incentives to work with local farmers / inclusive models
BUT…State as ‘owner’ still gets lease income, with focus on investor transaction costs instead of local benefits

8. Opportunities to promote change
ADDRESS LAND ADMINISTRATION CONSTRAINTS
Build upon SLLC achievements and get RLAS working
Equity and justice issues (gender, vulnerable groups)
Improve data analysis and publicity (use of data)
Urban land administration and regulatory reforms
LAND GOVERNANCE WITHIN AN INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT MODEL
What can be done with the Holding Right (LIFT EEU, etc)
Investor – smallholder relationships (‘beyond the dichotomy’)
Extend this approach to LSLAs and pastoralist/communal areas (align with and reinforce EU/GIZ project at EAILA)
Encourage trend to more open discussion/stakeholder engagement
Promote shift from a plan mentality to seeing land use planning as a tool to manage relationships between different land users

9. PLAN COMPONENTS 1 LAND ADMIN FOR CHANGE & DEVELOPMENT FARMERS
GENDER & VG
ANALYSIS & K.M.
FARMERS
WANT TO USE
SYSTEM
INCLUSIVE
DEVELOPMENT
“WIN-WIN” $
POLICY
URBAN / RURAL SHIFT – INSTITUTIONS, POLICY, CAPACITY 2
INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT: FARMERS/LOCAL GOVERMENT 3
INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT: PRIVATE INVESTMENT MODELS 4
FEEDBACK
DIALOGUE: LAND & DEVELOPMENT FORUM 5
SUSTAINABILITY: REVENUES, BUDGET, H.R. 6
APPROVAL

10. Summary THE PLAN DOES NOT TACKLE DEEPER STRUCTURAL ISSUES INSTEAD IT:
Builds on the positive achievements
Addresses land administration constraints
Promotes a more inclusive development strategy
Seeks to deliver a ‘win-win’ outcome within the GTP3 and LSCA context
KEY MEASURES
Getting holding rights holders to value the certificate
Sustainable RLAS for all land users
Capacity building in participatory and inclusive approaches
Dialogue and consensus building
Sustainability (tax income, data products, human resources)

11. Thank you