1. Cultural studies is an academic field of critical theory and literary criticism  introduced by British academics in 1964.

2. The term was used by Richard Hoggart in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS

3. Stuart Hall is credited with playing a role in expanding the scope of cultural studies to deal with race and gender, and with helping to incorporate new ideas derived from the work of French theorists.

4. Being interdisciplinary, cultural studies is an academic discipline aiding cultural researchers who theorize about the forces from which the whole of humankind construct their daily lives.

5. Cultural studies combines feminist theory, social theory, political theory, history, philosophy, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, communication studies, political economy, translation studies, museum studies and art history/criticism to study cultural phenomena in various societies. 

6. Opposition to cultural studies was most dramatically demonstrated with the 2002 closing of the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) at the University of Birmingham, UK.

7. While many of its opponents continue to describe the discipline as "irrelevant," the field has a world-wide presence consisting of numerous annual international conferences, academic programs, publications, students and practitioners.

8. In his 1994 book Introducing Cultural Studies, Ziauddin Sardar lists the following five main characteristics of cultural studies:

9. - The aim of Cultural Studies is to examine cultural practices and their relation to power. For example, a study of a subculture would consider their social practices against those of the dominant culture.

10. - The objective of Cultural Studies includes understanding culture in all its complex forms and analyzing the social and political context in which culture manifests itself.

11. - Cultural Studies is both the object of study and the location of political criticism and action. (For example, not only would a cultural studies scholar study an object, but s/he would connect this study to a larger, progressive political project.)

12. - Cultural Studies attempts to expose and reconcile the division of knowledge, to overcome the split between tacit forms of knowledge (cultural) and objective forms of knowledge (universal).

13. - Cultural Studies has a commitment to an ethical evaluation of modern society and to a radical line of political action.

14. Culture

15. A set of rules to operate within a society

16. A way of thinking and perception of the objective world, and creating one’s living conditions

17. The total of all features and facts known about one nation

18.  Set of patterns of human activity within a society or social group and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. Customs, laws, dress, architectural style, social standards, religious beliefs, and traditions are all examples of cultural elements.

19. Material __________________ Non-material

20. Stereotype (Lippmann)

21.  A thought or a belief about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things. These thoughts or beliefs may not accurately reflect reality.

22. Stereotypes can help make sense of the world (Allport)

23. Stereotypes help to simplify and systematize information, so that it is more easily identified, recalled, predicted, and reacted to.

24. stereotype VS prejudice

25. Heterostereotype and autostereotype

26. Culture type

27. Culture is related to ethnic and regional groups, but also to organizations, professions, family, society, sub-cultural groups, national political systems, and legislation.

28. Elements of culture?

29. Culture types VS Types of cultures

30. Arabic culture European culture

31. Consumer culture – a society based on consumerism
Consumer culture – a society based on consumerism. Primitive culture – a community that lacks major signs of economic development or modernity

32. Cultural cross-sections Eg. Drinking culture Greeting culture

33. Identity and Identification

34. Identity - also called sameness, is whatever makes an entity definable and recognizable.

35. Identification – the process of gaining an identity (or discovering it

36. Personality VS Individuality

37. Socialization Genetics or society?

38. Study the scientific literature and make a 15 minutes report on the “Genetic and social basics of a personality”.