1. The Age of Napoleon

2. Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
Directory vs. Royalists (emigres)
The Directory with the help of Napoleon Bonaparte – leads coup d'état to preserve the republic
A sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force
Saves the govt. from reverting back to a monarchy

3. Early Military Victories
1795 Napoleon’s armies take over Italy and Switzerland by defeating Austria and Sardinian armies
Austria out of the equation > Britain is left
1797 Invades Egypt Why?
Damage British trade & cut off Britain’s communication w/ India
Russians, Austrians, Ottomans, and British form the Second Coalition as a result
Egypt a failure > Napoleon forced to withdraw because Coalition was about to invade France
Horatio Nelson

4. Constitution of the Year VIII
Abbe Sieyes (Part of 5 man Directory) proposed a new constitution w/ a new type of govt. in mind
Sieyes tries to use Napoleon to est. power but Napoleon actually uses him to gain power
Issues Constitution of Year VIII
Proposed a 3 man executive
Est. the rule of one man – The First Consul – Napoleon
Napoleon
Used rhetoric of revolution and nationalism, backed with military force, and combined them to form a mighty weapon
Points forward to the dictators of 20th c.

5. The Consulate (1799-1804) In effect > ended the Revolution
Napoleon creates a new constitution approved by a plebiscite
Third Estate members and peasants had achieved their goals
Abolishing hereditary privilege
Destroyed feudal system
Who was the dominant class now?
Doctors, landowners, lawyers, officials, financiers
Liked Napoleon > he would provide them security

6. Suppression of Opponents by Napoleon
Makes peace with all of France’s enemies by 1802
Domestic affairs
Has general amnesty to men of all political factions as long as they pledge loyalty to him
Ruthlessly suppressed opposition
Employed the secret police
Destroys possibly of Bourbon restoration by executing closest heir

7. Concordat with Church
Napoleon reestablishes Christianity in France > forms an agreement with Pope Pius VII
Concordat of 1801
Church gives up confiscated property
How did it benefit the church?
State paid salaries of bishops, certain clergy (priests), etc.
Clergy received spiritual investiture? from the pope
Catholicism religion of France
In reality, power of church much reduced
State still had authority over the church through > The Organic Articles of 1802
Issued without consulting the pope

8. The Napoleonic Code Set basis for French law today
Sought to reform law > Civil Code of 1804 > Napoleonic Code
Safeguarded all forms of property
Conservative attitudes towards women and labor remained
Property was distributed among all children; males and females
Women needed husband’s consent to dispose of property
Workers organizations forbidden
Father in control of family
Divorce still more difficult for women than men
French law before this code?
Differed from region to region
Set basis for French law today

9. Napoleon’s Dynasty
Another new constitution makes Napoleon Emperor of the French
Napoleon crowns himself Napoleon I

10. Napoleon’s Empire
His wars end Old Regime and unleash powerful force of nationalism
Strength > military mobilization > key to success
French army puts down rebellion in Haiti > under French rule
Why do the British fear situation in Haiti?
New French empire in Americas
Britain goes to war with France > Third Coalition > led by Pitt
British naval supremacy – the British under Lord Nelson destroy French and Spanish forces at the Battle of Trafalgar
Why important?
Ended French hope of invading Britain
On land it was different
Napoleon defeats Austria and Russia at Austerlitz – becomes King of Italy
Napoleon defeats Russia and Prussia to control all of Germany

12. Treaty of Tilsit
Prussia and Russia make peace with Napoleon and become allies
Prussia loses half its territory
Napoleon gave satellite states to his family members
Why family members?

13. The Continental System
Napoleon wanted to cut England off from the main European continent
Milan Decree of 1807 – attempted to stop neutral nations from trading with Britain
Plan fails because of English control of the seas
Tariff policies favor France
Caused resentment of foreign merchants
System not enforced
Leads eventually to Napoleon’s downfall

14. German Nationalism & Prussian Reform
Many German nationalists wanted a united German state without Napoleon
Napoleon creates German nationalism
German people saw how France attained greatness through the active support of its people
In order to appease growing nationalism
Prussia abolishes serfdom breaking the Junker monopoly of landholding
New problem > landless laborers without work
Prussia makes military reforms as well
Abolished inhumane military punishments
Opened officer corps to commoners
Promotions on basis of merit
Still could not conscript an army since Napoleon reduced the size of the army

15. Spanish and Austrian Wars of Liberation
Old Wife
Spain
Napoleon’s brother, Joseph on throne
Peasants and clergy rebel
Spanish guerrilla forces cause problems
English army under Duke Wellington provide support to insurgents
Frances drains resources on this issue
Austria
Austrians saw distraction w/ Spain as a chance to get payback
Austrians defeated at Battle of Wagram
Napoleon divorces his wife Josephine and marries Austrian arch-duchess Marie Louise
New Wife

16. Disaster for Napoleon in Russia
War with Austria, no help with the fight with the Ottoman Empire, the Continental System, and the Polish Duchy of Warsaw right next to Russia angered tsar Alexander
Russia withdraws from Continental System and prepares for war
Invasion of Russia > Grand Army > 600,000
Russia’s “scorched earth” policy?
destroying food and supplies and then retreating – erodes Napoleon’s Grand Army
Napoleon wanted to take over Russian capital – Moscow – which he does
Russians burn down Moscow leaving Napoleon there in winter
Napoleon losses half a million men > 100,000 left

17. European Coalition
Napoleon raises another 350,00 men > ill-trained and ill-equipped
Combined forces of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and England form allied army
Napoleon defeats allies at Dresden
Defeated at Leipzig in Battle of Nations
Allied armies take over Paris
Napoleon relinquishes throne in March, 1814 and is exiled to island of Elba

18. Congress of Vienna Quadruple Alliance?
England, Austria, Russia, and Prussia
Meet at the Congress of Vienna to decide new European borders
Restoration of Bourbon monarchy
Est. kingdom of Netherlands
Belgium and Luxembourg
Prussia gains territory along the Rhine river and part of Saxony
Austria gains control of northern Italy
Alexander of Russia reluctantly gets only part of Poland
No governments with republican or democratic values just monarchies
What do they restore in France?
Bourbon Monarchy
Russia is upset with the provisions

19. The Hundred Days
Napoleon returns from Elba and retakes France > the allies declare him an outlaw
Napoleon defeated again at Battle of Waterloo by Wellington and Blucher
Exiled for good to tiny island of St. Helena
Quadruple Alliance reformed again in May 1815 to maintain peace in Europe
New Congress of Vienna remains intact for half a century and prevents general war for a hundred years

21. The Romantic Movement (1780-1830)
Romanticism – intellectual movement that was a reaction against the Enlightenment
Imagination supplemented reason
Urged a revival of Christianity
Expressed in architecture, music, religion, painting, poetry, philosophy, and literature
Revival of Gothic Style from medieval times
Fascinated by phenomena that suggested a world beyond that of empirical observation, sensory data, and reason
Reaction against materialism
Nationalism
Valued emotions
Interest in past/history
Worship of nature

22. Romantic Questioning of Reason
Two writers provided foundation for Romanticism
Rationalism not enough to explain human nature and reform society
Rousseau
Rejected some of the aspects of the Enlightenment
Materialistic society corrupts the human nature
Emile
Children should raised with maximum freedom
Value uniqueness/individuality
Kant > The Critique of Pure Reason & The Critique of Practical Reason
Sought rationalism of Enlightenment to an extent
Humans have categorical imperative – an innate sense of moral duty or awareness, act in situation as you would have others act in same situation
Human perceptions are as much a product of the mind’s activity as that of sensory experience

23. English Romantic Writers
Believed poetry was enhanced by freely following the creative impulses of the mind
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Artists imagination was God at work in the mind
Wrote Gothic poems of the supernatural
William Wordsworth
Wrote, sometimes with Coleridge about how humans lose their childlike imagination as they get older
Aging and urban living corrupt and deaden the imagination
Lord Byron
Rebel Romanticist, who wrote about personal liberty and mocked his own beliefs, acknowledged nature’s cruelty along with its beauty

24. German Romantic Writers
German Romantics also famous for their novels
Friedrich Schlegel
Got involved with social issues of the time
Attacked prejudice against women > Lucinde
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe –
Writings were part Romantic mode/ part criticism of Romantic excess
Faust – Part I – (1808) – long dramatic poem about man who makes a pact with the devil
Faust – Part II – (1832) – taken through many mythological adventures, man dedicates his life to humankind
Ideas > deep spiritual struggles, improvement of mankind, reason cannot save us

25. Neuschwanstein Castle
Romantic Art
Rocco looked to Renaissance
Neo-Classicism looked to ancient world
Neo-Gothicism looked to Middle Ages
Supported the church and sought to revive medieval forms
Style of art seen in architecture and paintings
Nature and the Sublime > Important to Romantic Artists
Drawn to mysterious and unruly side of nature
Sublime – subjects from nature arouse strong emotions and raise questions about how much we control our lives
Show nature in all of its majestic power
Famous Romantic Painters
Caspar David Friedrich & J.M.W. Turner
Neuschwanstein Castle

27. Romantic Religion
Romantics saw religious faith, experience, and institutions as central to human life
Methodism?
Revolt against deism and rationalism, stressed inward, heartfelt religion > its leader was John Wesley
Possibility of Christian Perfection?
Yes
New Directions in Continental Religion > Similar to Methodism
Chateaubriand – The Genius of Christianity (1802) – essence if religion is passion and the foundation of faith is emotion
Schleiermacher – Speeches on Religion on its Cultured Despisers – religion as an intuition or feeling of absolute dependence on an infinite reality
Every world religion is unique and important > each created an emotional experience dependent on an infinite being

28. Romantic Views of Nationalism & History
Romanticism glorified the individual person and individual cultures
World is a creation of humankind
Johann Gottfried Herder
Resented French cultural dominance
Critic of European colonialism
Human beings and societies develop like plants
Humans develop diff. at diff. times and places
In favor of German nationalism
Friedrich Hegel
Believes ideas develop in an evolutionary fashion that involves conflict
Thesis vs. Antithesis = eventually to a Synthesis (new thesis)
Clashing of ideals helps humankind to develop > like trial and error sort of

29. Islam and Romanticism
Islam seen in a more positive light than the Enlightenment
Romantics valued literature drawn from diff. cultures
Arabs had a distinctive role in history
Under Napoleon, learning about Islam became an important part of French intellectual life
Rosetta Stone – found on one of Napoleon’s expeditions became the key to unlocking Egyptian hieroglyphics
More people want to visit Middle East and Egyptian architecture desired