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The Age of Napoleon.

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Presentation on theme: "The Age of Napoleon."— Presentation transcript:

1 The Age of Napoleon

2 Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
Directory vs. Royalists (emigres) The Directory with the help of Napoleon Bonaparte – leads coup d'état to preserve the republic A sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force Saves the govt. from reverting back to a monarchy

3 Early Military Victories
1795 Napoleon’s armies take over Italy and Switzerland by defeating Austria and Sardinian armies Austria out of the equation > Britain is left 1797 Invades Egypt Why? Damage British trade & cut off Britain’s communication w/ India Russians, Austrians, Ottomans, and British form the Second Coalition as a result Egypt a failure > Napoleon forced to withdraw because Coalition was about to invade France Horatio Nelson

4 Constitution of the Year VIII
Abbe Sieyes (Part of 5 man Directory) proposed a new constitution w/ a new type of govt. in mind Sieyes tries to use Napoleon to est. power but Napoleon actually uses him to gain power Issues Constitution of Year VIII Proposed a 3 man executive Est. the rule of one man – The First Consul – Napoleon Napoleon Used rhetoric of revolution and nationalism, backed with military force, and combined them to form a mighty weapon Points forward to the dictators of 20th c.

5 The Consulate (1799-1804) In effect > ended the Revolution
Napoleon creates a new constitution approved by a plebiscite Third Estate members and peasants had achieved their goals Abolishing hereditary privilege Destroyed feudal system Who was the dominant class now? Doctors, landowners, lawyers, officials, financiers Liked Napoleon > he would provide them security

6 Suppression of Opponents by Napoleon
Makes peace with all of France’s enemies by 1802 Domestic affairs Has general amnesty to men of all political factions as long as they pledge loyalty to him Ruthlessly suppressed opposition Employed the secret police Destroys possibly of Bourbon restoration by executing closest heir

7 Concordat with Church Napoleon reestablishes Christianity in France > forms an agreement with Pope Pius VII Concordat of 1801 Church gives up confiscated property How did it benefit the church? State paid salaries of bishops, certain clergy (priests), etc. Clergy received spiritual investiture? from the pope Catholicism religion of France In reality, power of church much reduced State still had authority over the church through > The Organic Articles of 1802 Issued without consulting the pope

8 The Napoleonic Code Set basis for French law today
Sought to reform law > Civil Code of 1804 > Napoleonic Code Safeguarded all forms of property Conservative attitudes towards women and labor remained Property was distributed among all children; males and females Women needed husband’s consent to dispose of property Workers organizations forbidden Father in control of family Divorce still more difficult for women than men French law before this code? Differed from region to region Set basis for French law today

9 Napoleon’s Dynasty Another new constitution makes Napoleon Emperor of the French Napoleon crowns himself Napoleon I

10 Napoleon’s Empire His wars end Old Regime and unleash powerful force of nationalism Strength > military mobilization > key to success French army puts down rebellion in Haiti > under French rule Why do the British fear situation in Haiti? New French empire in Americas Britain goes to war with France > Third Coalition > led by Pitt British naval supremacy – the British under Lord Nelson destroy French and Spanish forces at the Battle of Trafalgar Why important? Ended French hope of invading Britain On land it was different Napoleon defeats Austria and Russia at Austerlitz – becomes King of Italy Napoleon defeats Russia and Prussia to control all of Germany

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12 Treaty of Tilsit Prussia and Russia make peace with Napoleon and become allies Prussia loses half its territory Napoleon gave satellite states to his family members Why family members?

13 The Continental System
Napoleon wanted to cut England off from the main European continent Milan Decree of 1807 – attempted to stop neutral nations from trading with Britain Plan fails because of English control of the seas Tariff policies favor France Caused resentment of foreign merchants System not enforced Leads eventually to Napoleon’s downfall

14 German Nationalism & Prussian Reform
Many German nationalists wanted a united German state without Napoleon Napoleon creates German nationalism German people saw how France attained greatness through the active support of its people In order to appease growing nationalism Prussia abolishes serfdom breaking the Junker monopoly of landholding New problem > landless laborers without work Prussia makes military reforms as well Abolished inhumane military punishments Opened officer corps to commoners Promotions on basis of merit Still could not conscript an army since Napoleon reduced the size of the army

15 Spanish and Austrian Wars of Liberation
Old Wife Spain Napoleon’s brother, Joseph on throne Peasants and clergy rebel Spanish guerrilla forces cause problems English army under Duke Wellington provide support to insurgents Frances drains resources on this issue Austria Austrians saw distraction w/ Spain as a chance to get payback Austrians defeated at Battle of Wagram Napoleon divorces his wife Josephine and marries Austrian arch-duchess Marie Louise New Wife

16 Disaster for Napoleon in Russia
War with Austria, no help with the fight with the Ottoman Empire, the Continental System, and the Polish Duchy of Warsaw right next to Russia angered tsar Alexander Russia withdraws from Continental System and prepares for war Invasion of Russia > Grand Army > 600,000 Russia’s “scorched earth” policy? destroying food and supplies and then retreating – erodes Napoleon’s Grand Army Napoleon wanted to take over Russian capital – Moscow – which he does Russians burn down Moscow leaving Napoleon there in winter Napoleon losses half a million men > 100,000 left

17 European Coalition Napoleon raises another 350,00 men > ill-trained and ill-equipped Combined forces of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and England form allied army Napoleon defeats allies at Dresden Defeated at Leipzig in Battle of Nations Allied armies take over Paris Napoleon relinquishes throne in March, 1814 and is exiled to island of Elba

18 Congress of Vienna Quadruple Alliance?
England, Austria, Russia, and Prussia Meet at the Congress of Vienna to decide new European borders Restoration of Bourbon monarchy Est. kingdom of Netherlands Belgium and Luxembourg Prussia gains territory along the Rhine river and part of Saxony Austria gains control of northern Italy Alexander of Russia reluctantly gets only part of Poland No governments with republican or democratic values just monarchies What do they restore in France? Bourbon Monarchy Russia is upset with the provisions

19 The Hundred Days Napoleon returns from Elba and retakes France > the allies declare him an outlaw Napoleon defeated again at Battle of Waterloo by Wellington and Blucher Exiled for good to tiny island of St. Helena Quadruple Alliance reformed again in May 1815 to maintain peace in Europe New Congress of Vienna remains intact for half a century and prevents general war for a hundred years

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21 The Romantic Movement (1780-1830)
Romanticism – intellectual movement that was a reaction against the Enlightenment Imagination supplemented reason Urged a revival of Christianity Expressed in architecture, music, religion, painting, poetry, philosophy, and literature Revival of Gothic Style from medieval times Fascinated by phenomena that suggested a world beyond that of empirical observation, sensory data, and reason Reaction against materialism Nationalism Valued emotions Interest in past/history Worship of nature

22 Romantic Questioning of Reason
Two writers provided foundation for Romanticism Rationalism not enough to explain human nature and reform society Rousseau Rejected some of the aspects of the Enlightenment Materialistic society corrupts the human nature Emile Children should raised with maximum freedom Value uniqueness/individuality Kant > The Critique of Pure Reason & The Critique of Practical Reason Sought rationalism of Enlightenment to an extent Humans have categorical imperative – an innate sense of moral duty or awareness, act in situation as you would have others act in same situation Human perceptions are as much a product of the mind’s activity as that of sensory experience

23 English Romantic Writers
Believed poetry was enhanced by freely following the creative impulses of the mind Samuel Taylor Coleridge Artists imagination was God at work in the mind Wrote Gothic poems of the supernatural William Wordsworth Wrote, sometimes with Coleridge about how humans lose their childlike imagination as they get older Aging and urban living corrupt and deaden the imagination Lord Byron Rebel Romanticist, who wrote about personal liberty and mocked his own beliefs, acknowledged nature’s cruelty along with its beauty

24 German Romantic Writers
German Romantics also famous for their novels Friedrich Schlegel Got involved with social issues of the time Attacked prejudice against women > Lucinde Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – Writings were part Romantic mode/ part criticism of Romantic excess Faust – Part I – (1808) – long dramatic poem about man who makes a pact with the devil Faust – Part II – (1832) – taken through many mythological adventures, man dedicates his life to humankind Ideas > deep spiritual struggles, improvement of mankind, reason cannot save us

25 Neuschwanstein Castle
Romantic Art Rocco looked to Renaissance Neo-Classicism looked to ancient world Neo-Gothicism looked to Middle Ages Supported the church and sought to revive medieval forms Style of art seen in architecture and paintings Nature and the Sublime > Important to Romantic Artists Drawn to mysterious and unruly side of nature Sublime – subjects from nature arouse strong emotions and raise questions about how much we control our lives Show nature in all of its majestic power Famous Romantic Painters Caspar David Friedrich & J.M.W. Turner Neuschwanstein Castle

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27 Romantic Religion Romantics saw religious faith, experience, and institutions as central to human life Methodism? Revolt against deism and rationalism, stressed inward, heartfelt religion > its leader was John Wesley Possibility of Christian Perfection? Yes New Directions in Continental Religion > Similar to Methodism Chateaubriand – The Genius of Christianity (1802) – essence if religion is passion and the foundation of faith is emotion Schleiermacher – Speeches on Religion on its Cultured Despisers – religion as an intuition or feeling of absolute dependence on an infinite reality Every world religion is unique and important > each created an emotional experience dependent on an infinite being

28 Romantic Views of Nationalism & History
Romanticism glorified the individual person and individual cultures World is a creation of humankind Johann Gottfried Herder Resented French cultural dominance Critic of European colonialism Human beings and societies develop like plants Humans develop diff. at diff. times and places In favor of German nationalism Friedrich Hegel Believes ideas develop in an evolutionary fashion that involves conflict Thesis vs. Antithesis = eventually to a Synthesis (new thesis) Clashing of ideals helps humankind to develop > like trial and error sort of

29 Islam and Romanticism Islam seen in a more positive light than the Enlightenment Romantics valued literature drawn from diff. cultures Arabs had a distinctive role in history Under Napoleon, learning about Islam became an important part of French intellectual life Rosetta Stone – found on one of Napoleon’s expeditions became the key to unlocking Egyptian hieroglyphics More people want to visit Middle East and Egyptian architecture desired


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