1. Fetac 6 Global Development
Day 4 – Theories of Development & Mind Map Instructions

2. What is theory
A supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something,
a set of principles on which the practice of an activity is based.
an idea used to account for a situation or justify a course of action.
With theories we explain why and how things
occur as they do. We predict what is going to
happen given the way things are. And we
choose ways of acting to make things turn out
in some way we desire .

3. Who’s Theory of Development?
Any development question will produce different answers depending on who you are talking to……. 
The Answers will be based on:
Views of what development ‘is’…
economic growth
Progress
Infrastructure
Social change for the better
And/or
What development could or should be…
Equal
Sustainable
Community based
Involving everyone

4. Modernisation theory: Rostow’s 1960 ‘stages of growth’
Traditional society (H/G, Subsistence Agriculture, rigid society)
Preconditions for growth (external demand for raw materials, dev of productive agriculture, cash cropping, investment in infrastructure)
Take-off (some leading industries, expansion of goods producing, often textile industries are first)
Drive to maturity (diversification,
investment driven or capital good,
more domestic consumption)
5. Age of high mass consumption
What assumptions underpin this theory of development?
What does it imply about how poor countries might be aided or encouraged to develop?
Traditional
Take off
Modern

5. Modernisation theory Multiple origins Post WW2 optimism
Cold War rivalry
Walt Rostow’s Stages of Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (1960). HE based his theory on his analysis of how modern European states developed and argued that the same process would happen in underdeveloped countries.
Truman’s Point 4 Speech
Followed Marshall Plan
Progress measured by economic growth/consumption
Politics at the service of the market
Role for outsiders: FDI, technology transfer, technical experts
Truman on the Marshall Plan

6. President Truman’s Point 4 Speech (Inaugural speech 1949) The Birth of the Development Idea? 
   The United States is pre-eminent among nations in the development of industrial and scientific techniques. The material resources which we can afford to use for the assistance of other peoples are limited. But our imponderable resources in technical knowledge are constantly growing and are inexhaustible.
  I believe that we should make available to peace-loving peoples the benefits of our store of technical knowledge in order to help them realize their aspirations for a better life. And, in cooperation with other nations, we should foster capital investment in areas needing development.
  Our aim should be to help the free peoples of the world, through their own efforts, to produce more food, more clothing, more materials for housing, and more mechanical power to lighten their burdens.
  We invite other countries to pool their technological resources in this undertaking. Their contributions will be warmly welcomed. This should be a cooperative enterprise in which all nations work together through the United Nations and its specialized agencies wherever practicable. It must be a worldwide effort for the achievement of peace, plenty, and freedom.
  With the cooperation of business, private capital, agriculture, and labor in this country, this program can greatly increase the industrial activity in other nations and can raise substantially their standards of living.

7. Dependency Theory
Developed in Latin America by Andre Gunder Frank and other Neo-Marxist theorists
Also related to Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory
There are countries at the core of the world system and countries at the periphery
Countries enter other countries for
money/resources
Money and resources flow from periphery
to core
Peripheral countries will NEVER be core
countries

8. Dependency theory: Capitalism as a system of exploitation
Modernisation theory ignored the historical basis of
Underdevelopment - developing countries subsidised
the development of the West
Poor nations provide natural resources, cheap labour,
a destination for obsolete technology, and markets for
developed nations, without which the latter could not
have the standard of living they enjoy.
Wealthy nations actively perpetuate a state of
dependence by various means - economics, media control, politics,
banking and finance, education, culture, sport, and all
aspects of human resource development (including recruitment and training of workers).
Wealthy nations actively counter attempts by dependent nations to resist their influences by means of economic sanctions and/or the use of military force.
The poverty of the countries in the periphery is not because they are not integrated into the world system, or not 'fully' integrated as is often argued by free market economists, but because of how they are integrated into the system.
There are continuing relationships of dependence and exploitation that sustain poverty and ‘underdevelopment’

9. Modernisation’s success? Asian miracle
“The success of development in East Asia is legendary. No other group of developing countries has done as well in fostering growth, reducing poverty, integrating with world markets,or raising living standards.”
In last 25 years
Per capita income almost quadrupled
Absolute poverty down by two-thirds
Population growth reduced
Health and education markedly improved
Leipziger and Thomas (World Bank) 1994
***Use HDI site

10. Asian tigers Taiwan South Korea Singapore Hong Kong Thailand Malaysia
Indonesia
China
Challenged models in existence
Free market policies plus Stateintervention to protect domestic industry
Education and exports emphasised
Why?
More equal societies
Authoritarian govts
Trust levels – family ties
Aid and market access to US – J, SK, T (Cold War)
hard to replicate now

11. Modernisation’s failure?
The rise of inequality
Resource depletion, environmental degradation and climate change
The rise and rise of corporate power and the democratic deficit

12. Structuralism
Modernisation was challenged by Structuralists, who said European countries and industry grew to maturity under state protection, and only later faced global competition.
So poor countries too should protect their economies from free market forces.
Import substitution – reduce dependency
A much larger role for the state is provided: it’s not just up to entrepreneurs to develop the country
The vision for the future is not necessarily a capitalist one
Linked to ideas of J.M. Keynes, welfare statism

13. What is development ?
“Development is a concept which is contested both theoretically and politically, and is inherently both complex and ambiguous…….recently it has taken on the limited meaning of the practice of development agencies, especially in aiming at reducing poverty” (A. Thomas, 2004)
“If development means good change, questions arise about what is good and what sort of change matters…… Any development agenda is value-laden” (Robert Chambers, 2004)
“Since development depends on values and on alternative conceptions of the good life, there is no uniform or unique answer.” (R. Kanbur, 2006)
So, development is
contested
complex
normative

14. Alternative development
Community Development
Anyone know what it is?

16. Participatory approaches: background
More democratic, radical alternatives emerging from 1960s, beyond traditional left and right
Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed (1970)
Liberation theology
Interest in empowerment of those who were excluded, rather than state or economic focus

17. Participatory approaches:
Robert Chambers (‘Putting the Last First, Who’s Reality Counts)
A participatory approach allows potential stakeholders to have a say in how development interventions are conceived and implemented
“Have a say” can (and does) mean anything
Genuine participation for Chambers involvement of beneficiaries in all stages of the programme cycle:
Deciding on needs
Planning interventions
Implementing them
Monitoring
Evaluating the programme
Robert Chambers and Gita Sen on participation

18. Contrasting approaches informed by different theories of development

19. Sustainable Development
“development that meets the needs and aspirations of
the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet
their own needs” (Brundtland)
We live in a system – a finite system.
Resources are not endless
It’s about seeing the connections and
interdependency between things

20. Critiques of Alternative Development
Concentrating on micro level processes can lead to over estimating the power of the local and neglecting to address the big picture
Co-option by the state (read ‘The Coup’) or more conservative development forces leading to Misery Management
The post development critique (Wolfgang Sachs): The whole idea of ‘development is flawed – eurocentric and a Western perception of reality. It is a new form of colonialism
The problem is development itself – it is a new form of colonialism
Assumption that ‘developing’ countries need/want to be like the ‘us’

21. Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s)

22. More on the Post Development Critique
An example:
It was said in the US in the mid 70’s it would take Mexico years to ‘catch up’ with the US.
If you consider the US against some development indicators it is not a developed country but a developing/under developed country.
As a county it can be argued it has more problems that benefits but as it is a ‘core country’ the ‘peripheral countries’ will likely see it as an aspiration.
From a PD point of view – Mexico – “Don’t Look North!”. The idea of progress is the problem
It’s a concept that can’t be reformed. Look to social movements for change instead

23. Develoment as a journey...
Different theories of development explain the journey
As Is
Vision of
the Future

24. Aid and Development Cont’d
Aid is... help, assistance, support or relief usually of a practical nature
Development is...
One perspective equates development with economic growth
According to The UN Development programme development is ‘to lead long and healthy lives, to be knowledgeable, to have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living and to be able to participate in the life of the community
A third perspective views development as freeing people (or people freeing themselves) from obstacles that affect their ability to develop their own lives and communities. Development therefore is about empowerment: it is about local people taking control of their own lives, expressing their own demands and finding their own solutions to their problems
Source: Volunteeringoptions.org

25. Taking Action for a Better World

26. and many people in engage in multiple types of action .
Many Types of Action
Lifestyle action (live ethically and sustainably, be informed, make conscious choices..)
Consumer action (e.g. Fair trade, boycotts..)
Lobbying and campaigning action on local/global issues/causes
Protest action
Political action (become involved in political movements)
Awareness raising and advocacy action (talk to friends, family colleagues, inform and challenge (e.g racism, stereotypes of the Global South)
Dialogue and educative action (participate in and/or organise public debate, events, workshops...)
Cultural action (creative protest, art, music, theatre with political purpose)
Spiritual/symbolic action
This is not an exhaustive list. Nor are the actions mutually exclusive, many of them overlap
and many people in engage in multiple types of action .

27. Action to Reduce Corporate Power
Lifestyle & consumer action (live more simply, buy from local businesses, boycott big MNCs, buy Fair Trade, zero waste, off the grid lifestyle..)
Alternative & Circular Economies (local currencies, bartering, freecycle, coops)
Lobbying (try to convince the government to change laws relating to corporates, e.g. sugar tax, tax havens etc.)
Protest & Direct Action (Petitions, Join a march e.g. March Against Monsanto, distrupt activities of companies by occupying buildings or sabotaging machines etc. )
Hacking (Bringing down companies by hacking them)
Party Politics (become involved in political parties and movements)
Awareness raising and Education Action (get informed, talk to others, run workshops and events)
Corporate Social Responsibility (change from inside companies, self-regulation)
Volunteerism (working with orgs in global south or at home which challenge large MNCs)
Cultural action (creative protest, art, music, theatre with political purpose)
Spiritual/symbolic action (chanting, prayer, rituals)
This is not an exhaustive list. Nor are the actions mutually exclusive, many of them overlap
and many people in engage in multiple types of action .

28. Creative Group Assignment: Mind Map on‘development’
What is a mind map? A mind map is a diagram used to visually outline information. A mind map is often created around a single word or text, placed in the center, to which associated ideas, words and concepts are added. Major categories radiate from a central node, and lesser categories are sub-branches of larger branches.[1] Categories can represent words, ideas, tasks, or other items related to a central key word or idea.

29. Creative Group Assignment: Mind Map on‘development’
What we are looking for in this assignment
That you do the work collaboratively: i.e. that you discuss and plan the work together as you go along
And that your mind map says something about:
Different views or ideas on what development is
What you understand as development at this time and about how it relates to people’s lives and life chances, the environment, communities etc
Poverty and inequality: rich/poor countries, rich/poor countries and other inequalities
What are some of the root causes of unequal development – historical, contemporary….
Who is involved in development? Who decides? Who benefits? Who should?
Questions you are thinking about regarding development or think we all should be thinking about
The possibilities for change
Lastly, we will ask you to fill in a feedback sheet about the experience of the task and the process