1. Agenda: Joseph Stalin & Mao Zedong
Warm Up
Stalin notes Review and movie questions
Mao Zedong – Notes about his rise to power in China
Mao Movie - Questions

2. 20th Century Leaders: Mao Zedong and His Legacy
Notes Activity:
“Story of the Communist Conquest Of China”

3. #1. After the Revolution of 1911, what old form of gov’t was removed and what new form of gov’t was set up? Who led this new government?

4. Sun Yat-sen leads Revolution of 1911 vs
Sun Yat-sen leads Revolution of 1911 vs. the Qing emperor and becomes the 1st President of the Republic of China “The Father of Modern China”

5. May 4th Movement: Rise of Chinese Marxism
May 4, 1919, a massive student protest calling for Marxist change erupted in Beijing.
Led to the founding of the Chinese Communist Party = CCP (1920)
The May Fourth Movement, along with China’s split between rival governments, soon sent the nation down a new revolutionary path.

6. #2. Who became the new Nationalist leader after the death of Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixuan)?

7. Chiang Kai-shek = Jiang Jieshi
Sun Yat-sen dies in 1920
Chiang Kai-shek becomes the new leader of the Nationalist Party or Kuomintang (KMT)
Chiang Kai-shek = Jiang Jieshi

8. The Rise of Chiang Kai-skek = Jiang Jieshi
Cooperation between the Communists & the Nationalists (KMT) begins to unravel.
The Communists (radical Marxists) wanted to create a communist state
Nationalists wanted to unify China under Nationalist (Kuomintang) democratic/capitalist rule

9. The Nationalists vs. Communists
Large numbers of Communists arrested and executed
Remaining Communists fled into the countryside
Mao Zedong hoped to lead Chinese peasants in a communist revolution. Mao organized a peasant revolt in Hunan Province. This Chinese propaganda poster shows Mao heroically leading his peasant army.

10. Nationalists take power -1928
1928 Chiang Kai-shek captures Beijing and reunites northern and southern China once again
Chiang’s Nationalist Republic of China is recognized as China’s legal government by the West

11. Mao Zedong
Helps to organize a Communist Red Army in the mountains of China
By spring, 1928 – 10,000 troops

12. Who supported Mao in his fight against the Nationalists?
Mao’s supporters were peasants who joined his Red Army against the Nationalists.
Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist (capitalist/democratic) gov’t had ignored the needs of the poor

13. Mao Zedong & His Red Army
Rises as leader of the Red Army (200,000 troops by 1931)
15 rural bases set up in central China
Uses guerilla warfare – taking land from wealthy landowners and giving them to the peasants

14. Mao Zedong - CCP

15. The Chinese Soviet Republic (CSR)
1931- CSR is set up in southeastern China
Mao is the head of the CSR Gov’t
Communists soon control a population of several million

16. Nationalists launch an offensive!
1934 Chiang Kai-shek leads 700,000 Nationalist troops into the Communist capital
Communists– successfully fight off the Nationalists using guerilla tactics
Broke through enemy lines and fled into the mountains
Communists began “The Long March”

17. #3. How did the Long March both hurt and help Mao Zedong’s struggle for power?

18. During the Long March, Mao’s Red Army suffered repeated attacks by the Nationalists.
Communists crossed 18 mountain ranges on a 6,000 mile retreat for 12 months
Only 8,000 of the 100,000 Communist troops survive
The retreat allowed Mao to oust his rivals and take control of the Chinese Communist Party.
Mao established a new base in northeast China and rebuilt his army again to 100,000 by 1937

19. The Long March 1934-’35

20. The Long March 1934-’35
Mao established a new base in northeast China and rebuilt his army again to 100,000 by 1937

22. #4. What happened to the conflict between the Nationalists and the Communists from 1937 through the end of World War II?

23. The Nationalists & Communists during WWII
Japan’s invasion of China in 1937 brought a temporary halt to China’s Civil War.
The Nationalists retreated to western China, weakened by Japanese bombing raids; The Communists stayed to fight the Japanese!

24. Communists fought a guerilla war against the Japanese!
They emerged stronger as a result!

25. The Japanese Invasion, 1937

26. Japanese Soldiers March into Nanking December 9, 1937

27. Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai.

28. Beheadings Took Place in Public!

29. Chinese Prisoners Were Often Beheaded & Displayed

30. 5. When China’s civil war resumed after World War II, why were the Communists able to defeat the Nationalists?

31. The Communists had widespread peasant support in the countryside
End of WW2 – The Civil War Resumes! The Communists Defeat the Nationalists
The Communists had widespread peasant support in the countryside
They were stronger from fighting the Japanese
They were supplied with weapons left behind by the Japanese.

32. Formation of the People’s Republic of China - 1949
By the fall of 1949, Communists led by Mao had forced Chiang Kai-shek AND the Nationalists to abandon mainland China.
Chiang set up his Nationalist Gov’t on the island of FORMOSA (TAIWAN)

33. Why would the us care that china went communist??
US viewed China as another possible step forward for the Communist campaign to conquer the world
US aided the Nationalists (democratic capitalists)
Soviet Union supported Mao and the Communists

34. Formation of the People’s Republic of China
Oct. 1, 1949, Mao Zedong announced the formation of the People’s Republic of China!

35. Peoples Republic of
China (Sept.1950)
Nationalist China

36. Mao Zedong: Premier
of Communist China

37. The Happy Couple: Mao & stalin…
Mao suppressed all counter-revolutionaries!
There were mass executions, often before organized crowds.
Mao himself claimed that a total of 700,000 people were executed during the years 1949–1953.

38. What did Mao do? He did what stalin did…
Gov’t controlled:
Heavy Industrialization
Collective Farming

39. Mao’s Great Leap Forward 1957 Goals:
Mao’s Plan For China…
Mao’s Great Leap Forward 1957
Goals:
to be a fully communist society
to move China rapidly from an agricultural economy to a leading industrial power through heavy Industrialization
Mao wanted to overtake Britain in steel production within 15 years.

40. The great leap forward
Mao’s program of HEAVY INDUSTRIALIZATION
Called for peasants to stop farming and create “steel”
To feed the population, he called for large STATE OWNED collective farms, or communes
By 1958, gov’t created 26,000 communes, each one sprawling over 15,000 acres and supporting over 25,000 people
Strict control of daily life
PEOPLE ate, slept, and raised children TOGETHER
Owned nothing

42. Famine in China? Capitalist Pigs!
Great Leap backward?
Peasants had no incentive to work hard when only state profited from their labor
Many hated living in the huge, impersonal communes
Crop failures occur  famines, killing 20 million people
Government officially discontinued the program in 1961
MAO’S REPUTATION SUFFERS!

43. Soviet support is lost!
China facing many problems (failure of communes, economic/agricultural disasters)
1960s, Soviet Union stops sending aid to the Chinese as part of DeStalinization program
won’t give nukes to China

44. New Policies/REFORMS Role of government is reduced by reformers
New leaders allow farming families to live in their own homes as opposed to collectives
Reformers add elements of CAPITALISM!

45. Mao’s response
Mao disapproved because these economic choices weakened the Communist revolution’s goal of social equality

46. Mao’s plan
Mao launched new campaign in 1966 urging China’s youth to make revolution on both traditional & western ideas
Students leave the classroom, formed militias called the Red Guards

47. The
Cultural Revolution

48. The cultural revolution
Uprising led by the Red Guards
Goal: to establish a society of peasants/workers in which all were equal and cleanse China of anti- revolutionary forces
Peasants and workers were the new heroes
“intellectuals” were criminals – Red Guards shut down colleges & schools
Intellectuals exiled, forced labor, 1,000’s jailed

49. A Red Guard

50. Red Guards March to Canton

51. A Campaign Against the “FOUR OLDS”
Old Thoughts
Old Culture
Old Customs
Old Habits
To Rebel Is Good!

53. Communist China Under Mao
Designed to renew revolutionary spirit and establish a more equitable society
Mao wanted to put “intellectuals” in their place
Schools shut down – students revolted
Red Guards – students who attacked professors, government officials, factory managers

54. Cult of Personality – propaganda campaign making Mao, “a god” for the Chinese people to worship!
With regard to the great teacher Chairman Mao, cherish the word 'Loyalty'. With regard to the great Mao Zedong Thought, vigorously stress the word 'Usefullness'. (1968)

55. Propaganda Poster

56. Propaganda Poster

57. Go among the workers, peasants and soldiers, and into the thick of struggle!

58. Propaganda Poster

59. The reddest, reddest, red sun in our heart, Chairman Mao, and us together Zhejiang Workers, Farmers and Soldiers Art Academy collective, 1968
Mao’s Little Red Book

60. Mao’s Little Red Book published from 1964 until 1976.
collection of quotations excerpted from Mao Zedong's speeches and publications
requirement for every Chinese citizen to own, to read, and to carry it at all times during the later half of Mao's rule, especially during the Cultural Revolution.
Mao’s Little Red Book

61. The end of the cultural revolution
Led to widespread CHAOS
closed down factories and threatened farm life
movement was so destructive, caused many Chinese to distrust Communist party leadership
Mao dissolved the Red Guards
How does he restore order?

62. Mao Meets President Nixon, Establishes diplomatic ties with the UNITED STATES to get his country back on its feet economically!

63. Diplomatic Breakthrough
1972, U.S. President Nixon visited Beijing

64. Mao Dies -Sept.,1976
Turning point in China

65. Mao’s legacy: Political
Mao set up a ONE-PARTY DICTATORSHIP
denied people basic rights and freedoms
Anyone against the revolutionary gov’t was imprisoned or executed quickly.

66. Mao’s Legacy “The Economy”
Industrialized China but…
Command Economy stood in the way of economic growth
No economic incentives for peasants on collective farms
Collectivization was a failure – mass starvation

67. old landlord and business classes were eliminated
Mao’s legacy: SOCIAL
Champion of the poor, united the peasants, brought hope to the poor of China
literacy increased
old landlord and business classes were eliminated
rural Chinese were provided with health care
repressed intellectuals and traditional or western education

68. Command Economy Industrialization/Collectivization
What policies did Mao put into place as leader of Communist China? What methods did he use to control Communist China?
Economic Policies:
Command Economy Industrialization/Collectivization
The Great Leap Forward
Methods of Control:
The Cult of Personality
The Cultural Revolution

69. Mao’s legacy
He is still regarded by many Chinese as a HERO!
Why?

70. Mao Terms
Long March year long 6,000 mile retreat of the Communist Red Army after their defeat by Nationalist forces in Oct
Command Economy - Mao’s plan for government control of all industry and agriculture -no private ownership!
Collectivization – large state controlled collective farms/communes set up for more efficient food production in China
The Great Leap Forward – Mao’s program for increased production of industry and agriculture – failed!
The Cult of Personality – Mao’s revolutionary propaganda campaign! (i.e. “the little red book”)
The Cultural Revolution – a period of revolutionary upheaval and political persecution in China from