1. The Philippine-American War

2. Filipino Independence?
Philippines purchased from Spain for $20 million as part of Treaty of Paris
Emilio Aguinaldo
William Howard Taft
First Governor-General of the Philippines

3. A New Emperor?

4. The Philippine-American War 1899 - 1902
U.S. refuses to recognize Filipino independence.
War Estimates
Filipino Forces = 100,000 men
U.S. Forces = 74,000 men
Filipino Goal
Inflict constant casualties on U.S. troops
U.S. people elect anti-Imperialist William Jennings Bryan over Imperialist William McKinley in 1900.
The Oregon Volunteer Infantry in 1899

5. Filipino dead in their trench
Guerrilla War Phase
Low on ammunition, Aguinaldo abandons conventional warfare.
American tactics
Take no prisoners
Burning villages
Concentration Camps
During his court-martial, Waller testified that he had been under orders from the volatile, aging Brigadier General Jacob Smith (“Hell-Roaring Jake,” to his comrades) to transform the island into a “howling wilderness,” to “kill and burn” to the greatest degree possible—“The more you kill and burn, the better it will please me”—and to shoot anyone “capable of bearing arms.”
According to Waller, when he asked Smith what this last stipulation meant in practical terms, Smith had clarified that he thought that ten-year-old Filipino boys were capable of bearing arms. (In light of those orders, Waller was acquitted.)
In a clearly racist way, a number of Buffalo Soldiers switch sides.
Filipino dead in their trench

6. The Water Cure
“Now, this is the way we give them the water cure,” he explained. “Lay them on their backs, a man standing on each hand and each foot, then put a round stick in the mouth and pour a pail of water in the mouth and nose, and if they don’t give up pour in another pail. They swell up like toads. I’ll tell you it is a terrible torture.”
A picture of a “water detail,” reportedly taken in May, 1901, in Sual, the Philippines. “It is a terrible torture,” one soldier wrote.

7. The Anti-War Protestors
In 1899, the Anti-Imperialist League is Founded.
Members include William Jennings Bryan, Mark Twain, and Andrew Carnegie.

8. Aguinaldo is Captured
April 1, 1901 – Aguinaldo swears an oath of loyalty to the United States.
“Let the stream of blood cease to flow; let there be an end to tears and desolation.”
Fighting continues until Filipino General Miguel Malvar for one more year.

9. Fighting an Insurgency 1902 - 1913
Moro Indians (Muslim Filipinos) continue to fight for approximately 10 more years
American generals use Muslim religious beliefs to their advantage
A Filipino Bolo Knife

10. A Gun with More Stopping Power
John M. Browning’s Masterpiece caliber m1911 Semi-Automatic
The sidearm of WWI, WWII, Korea, and Vietnam

11. Legacy of the Philippine-American War
Deaths
U.S. = 4,326 soldiers (mostly from disease)
Filipinos(?) = 34,000 soldiers; 200,000 civilians
Moro Indians (?) = 10,000 to 20,000 men
Philippines will remain an important naval base for U.S. through World War II
Philippines will gain independence on July 4, 1946.