The Ten Forces That Flattened the World Two: Flatteners

The Ten Forces That Flattened the World Two: Flatteners
The World is Flat The Ten Forces That Flattened the World Two: Flatteners Prepared by F. Sibel Salman Indr 481 Information Systems course, Koc University

Flat World It is now possible for more people than ever to collaborate and compete in real time in different corners of the world in different kinds of work on a more equal basis using computers, , workforce software, teleconferencing, fiber-optic networks Connects all the knowledge centers in the world into a single global network

The Flatteners Flattener #1: Fall of the Berlin Wall, Rise of Windows (PC) Flattener #2: Netscape goes public (the Internet) Flattener #3: Work Flow Software Flattener #4: Uploading Flattener #5: Outsourcing Flattener #6: Offshoring Flattener #7: Supply-Chaining Flattener #8: Insourcing Flattener #9: In-forming Flattener #10: The Steroids: digital, mobile, personal, virtual

Flattener #1 Fall of the Berlin Wall (11/9/89)
End of the Cold War Rise of the windows-enabled PC Basic platform that started the global information revolution emerged in late 80s and early 90s

On the 9th of November, 1989, the border separating Western Germany from Eastern Germany was effectively opened

Fall of the Berlin Wall In August 1961, the Berliner Mauer separated East Berlin from West Berlin for over twenty-eight years The Fall of the Berlin Wall is a symbol for the end of the Cold War Begun in August 1961, the Berliner Mauer separated East Berlin from West Berlin for over twenty-eight years until November 9, During this period the Wall stood as an ugly symbol of human isolation and cruelty, as about one hundred persons were killed by East German security forces while trying to cross the Wall into West Berlin.

Flattener #1 Flow of knowledge freely among people
Fall of the Berlin Wall (11/9/89) The end of the Cold War broke down barriers between people It shifted the balance of power toward democratic, free-market-oriented governance Fall of the wall eliminated a physical and geopolitical barrier that held back information Flow of knowledge freely among people

Flattener #1 Fall of the Berlin Wall (11/9/89)
The world could be seen as a whole: a single market, single ecosystem, single community Ripple effect felt all the way to India From 1947 to 1991, infrastructure was government owned; massive regulations, controls, bureaucracy 1991 reforms opened up the economy; higher growth

Flattener #1 Rise of the Windows-enabled PC eliminated the limits on the amount of information that a single individual could access, author, manipulate and diffuse Adoption of common standards In economics, accounting, banking, technology Free movement of best practices Creates a level playing field European Union expanding, euro

Flattener #1 Rise of the Windows-enabled PC Increase in productivity
1977, release of the Apple II home computer by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak 1981, first IBM PC in market 1985, first version of Windows operating system 1990, Windows 3.0, breakthrough user-friendly version Increase in productivity Millions of people became authors of their own digital content that could be shared far and wide Words, music, data, maps, photos, voice, video

Flattener #1 1977, release of the Apple II home computer by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak

Flattener #1 1981, first IBM PC in market Model: IBM 5150
Released:September 1981 Price: US $1,565 ~ $3,000 CPU:Intel 8088, 4.77MHz RAM:16K, 640K max Display:80 X 24 text Storage:dual 160KB 5.25-inch disk drives Ports:cassette & keyboard only 5 internal expansion slots OS:PC-DOS v1.0

Flattener #1 1990, Windows 3.0, breakthrough user-friendly version

Flattener #1 Information at your fingertips – empowerment of individuals Application programs were developed to enhance productivity Spreadsheets, word processing Basic platform that started the global information revolution emerged in late 80s and early 90s

Bill Gates, about 27, in his Microsoft office in 1982
Bill Gates, about 27, in his Microsoft office in Read more:

Flattener #2 The emergence of the Internet as a tool of low-cost global connectivity The emergence of the World Wide Web to post and share digital content Spread of the commercial web browser to retrieve and display web pages World Wide Web (WWW): a system for creating, organizing, and linking documents over the Internet Developed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN, Switzerland

Tim Berners-Lee Tim Berners-Lee is credited
for inventing the World Wide Web in 1989 while working at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1989, he proposed a global hypertext project, to be known as the World Wide Web. Based on the earlier "Enquire" work, it was designed to allow people to work together by combining their knowledge in a web of hypertext documents.

Berners-Lee Berners-Lee wrote the first World Wide Web server, "httpd"
the first client, "WorldWideWeb" a what-you-see-is-what-you-get hypertext browser/editor which ran in the NeXTStep environment most of the communications software and defined URLs, HTTP and HTML

Berners-Lee and the emergence of the WWW
Berners-Lee posted the first web site ever on Aug 6, 1991 at explaining how the WWW worked He designed an addressing scheme that gave each Web page a unique location or URL (Universal Resource Locator) He popularized HTML (hypertext markup language), coding system of the web pages He came up with a set of rules that permitted the documents to be linked, and called it HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) Currently, he is the director of the World Wide Web Foundation and Professor at at the University of Southampton, UK. started in 2008 to fund and coordinate efforts to further the potential of the Web to benefit humanity

Emergence of the World Wide Web
The program "WorldWideWeb" first made available within CERN in December, and on the Internet at large in the summer of 1991. From 1991 till 1996 number of Internet users jumped from 600K to 40 M. What popularized the Internet and the Web as tools of connectivity and commerce?

Flattener #2 What popularized the Internet and the Web as tools of connectivity and commerce was the creation of easy-to-use commercial web browsers The first widely popular commercial browser to surf the web was….?

Flattener #2 The first widely popular commercial browser to surf the web was…. Netscape, created by a tiny start-up company in Mountain View, CA Netscape went public on Aug 9, 1995, followed by the release of Windows 95 which was equipped with built-in Internet support for PC applications This sparked the Internet boom Investors saw infinite demand for Internet-based products and services

Flattener #2 These developments led to the dot-com stock bubble and a massive overinvestment in fiber-optic cable As a result, the world got wired together Netscape played another flattening role: it helped make the Internet “interoperable”

Open protocols Rules that enable digital devices to talk to one another FTP, HTTP, TCP/IP, SSL, SMTP, POP

FTP File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another host over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet. FTP is built on a client-server architecture and uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server. FTP users may authenticate themselves using a clear-text sign-in protocol, normally in the form of a username and password, but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it.

HTTP The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative,hypermedia information systems.[1] HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links (hyperlinks) between nodes containing text. HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext.

TCP/IP The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite(IP), and is so common that the entire suite is often called TCP/IP. TCP provides reliable, ordered, error-checked delivery of a stream of digital information between programs running on computers connected to a local area network, intranet or the public Internet. It resides at the transport layer. Web browsers use TCP when they connect to servers on the World Wide Web, and it is used to deliver and transfer files from one location to another. Applications that do not require the reliability of a TCP connection may instead use the connectionless User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which emphasizes low-overhead operation and reduced latency rather than error checking and delivery validation.

SSL Secure Sockets Layer is a protocol developed by Netscape for transmitting private documents via the Internet. SSL uses a cryptographic system that uses two keys to encrypt data − a public key known to everyone and a private or secret key known only to the recipient of the message. Both Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer support SSL, and many Web sites use the protocol to obtain confidential user information, such as credit card numbers. By convention, URLs that require an SSL connection start with of http

SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet standard for electronic mail (e- mail) transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks. After the last update it includes the Extended SMTP (ESMTP) additions, and is the protocol in widespread use today.

POP-IMAP In computing, the Post Office Protocol (POP) is an application-layer Internet standard protocol used by local clients to retrieve from a remote server over a TCP/IP connection. POP and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) are the two most prevalent Internet standard protocols for retrieval. Virtually all modern clients and servers support both. POP has been developed through several versions, with version 3 (POP3) being the current standard. Most webmail service providers such as Google Mail, Microsoft Mail and Yahoo! Mail provide both an IMAP and POP3 service.

Flattener #3 Work flow software
Many software developments, standards, and protocols enable computers and other digital devices to interact over the Internet so that work can be done by people anywhere in the connected world. Adoption of standards Protocols like FTP, HTTP, TCP/IP, SSL, SMTP, POP Languages like HTML, XML Interoperable and interconnected Focus on main functionality of application software, better quality

HTML HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the main markup language for creating web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser. The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page. HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It can embed scripts written in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML web pages.

Ex: HTML code <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1254"> <title>ASLI SENCER</title> <base target="contents"> </head> <body link="#000000" alink="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <table border="0" width="884" height="87"> <tr> <td width="250" height="87" align="left"> <a target="_blank" href=" <img border="0" src="index-2.jpg" align="top" width="118" height="121" hspace="0"> </a> Bogazici University, Hisar Campus, Department of Management Information Systems, 34342, Bebek Istanbul, Turkey <td width="624" height="87" align="left"> <img border="0" src="index-3.jpg"></td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>

Ex: HTML view in a web browser

XML Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human- readable and machine-readable. The design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability over the Internet. It is a textual data format with strong support via Unicode for the languages of the world. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, it is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures, for example in web services.

Ex: XML Code of a Process Flow Chart Generated by Netflow BPM Tool
<Steps> <UserStep Code="Create" Start="NR" NotAssignedBehaviour="ERR" RequestComment="true" Help="true" Delegate="true" Iteration="1" CanSendToPool="true" StepAssignmentType="S"> <Directions> <Direction Code="Direction1" To="Step1" Direction="F"> <Condition Type="BS" Script="GT(WFDATA( "MAIN", "AMOUNT" ),"1000")" /> <From>Create</From> </Direction> <Direction Code=" Direction2" To="Step2" Direction="F"> <Condition Type="BS" Script="GT(WFDATA( "MAIN", " AMOUNT " ),"5000")" /> <Direction Code=" Direction3" To="Step3" Direction="F"> <Condition Type="A" /> </Directions> Figure 1. XML data kept in the SQL database

Ex: XML codes transferred to Arena
Figure 2. Arena code

Flatteners 1,2,3 With the first three flatteners a “collaboration platform” is emerging for people to share digital content inexpensively all over the world. Web-enabled platform for multiple forms of collaboration In the mid to late 1990s the world changed. The remaining flatteners expand on this opportunity for collaboration, "steadily flattening the world even more."

Flattener #4 Uploading Upload files and globalize content, and collaborate on that content individually or as part of self-forming communities Bottom-up model rather than top-down Forms of uploading: Community developed software Blogging Wikipedia Podcasting Book reviews on Amazon.com Rating sellers and buyers on eBay Videos on Youtube

Flattener #4 Community developed software
Make the source code available online: “open source” Let anyone improve it Let people download it for their use Intellectual commons community The source can be used as the foundation for a commercial product by acknowledging the original group who produced it Free software community Product built on free code should be free

Flattener #4 Examples to community developed software
Apache web server Linux operating system Firefox web browser

Flattener #4 Apache One of the most successful open source tools (2/3 of web sites in the world use it) It is a web server – free shareware program for Web server technology Developed for free by people working online in an open-source chat room => community developed software Developed by means of a source code repository managed by a CVS tool By 1999, the original NCSA code was rewritten with improvements and named Apache IBM incorporated Apache into its own Web server product named Web Sphere (commercial product built on top of Apache code)

Flattener #4 Linux operating system
In 1991 Linus Torvalds, a student at the University of Helsinki, posted his operating system online and asked others to improve it for free Free software movement – Linux must always be free Microsoft argues that innovators should be financially rewarded for innovation to continue If everyone gets the same free software, you cannot have competitive edge

Flattener #4 Firefox Released in November 2004 by the Mozilla Foundation Free, fast, easy-to-install Web browser Many extensions added new applications to the browser

Flattener #4 Blogging Podcasting Wikipedia
Uploading news and commentary Podcasting Audio/video version of blogging Wikipedia People’s encyclopedia

Social Media Social media are places, tools, services allowing individuals to express themselves. In “Social Media” there is ”Media”, which means that social media are digital places for publication. In “ Social Media ” there is “ Social ”, which implies sharing (files, tastes, opinions…) but also social interactions (individuals gathering into groups, individual acquiring notoriety and influence). Facebook: millions of people have a platform to tell their own stories Source:

Social Media In “Social Media” there is ”Media”, which means that social media are digital places for publication. In « Social Media » there is « Social« , which implies sharing (files, tastes, opinions…) but also social interactions (individuals gathering into groups,

Flattener #5 Outsourcing
Take some function that was done in-house, and have another company perform it and then reintegrate it back

How did the outsourcing movement to India start? What factors contributed to it?

25,000 graduates of India’s top engineering schools have settled in the US since 1953 – one fourth of IIT grads ended up in the US American companies started to discover they could draw on India’s brain power in India late 80s and early 90s Jack Welch at GE forcing his IT people to contract out some of their work to Indian vendors

Wired and connected by fiber-optic cables by late 90s Y2K crisis Internal clocks of computers going up to 99 created risk Internal clocks and related systems had to be adjusted – tedious job Upgrading work outsourced to India By 2000, managing e-commerce applications in India Computer programmers had the practice of abbreviating the year to only the last two digits. As the year 2000 approached it was feared that everything would stop working at the time of the rollover from 99 to 00.

Flattener #6 Offshoring
With instant and virtually cost free global transmission of data and communication, companies can place each business department responsible for one part of the value chain in the most productive geographic location.

Flattener #6 Offshoring
A company takes one of its factories and moves the whole factory offshore The same product is produced the same way but with cheaper labor, lower taxes, subsidized energy In December 2001 China joined the World Trade Organization Companies started shifting production to China

Flattener #7 Supply-Chaining
Collaboration among suppliers, manufacturers, retailers, customers to create value The more supply chains grow, the more they force the adoption of common standards between companies

Flattener #7 Supply-Chaining
Prime example to supply-chain efficiency and implementation of innovative IT solutions Wal-Mart, US-based retailer A chain of large discount department stores Wal-Mart has 8,500 stores in 15 countries, with 55 different names In 2010 it was the world's largest public corporation by revenue Wal-Mart headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas 1.2-million-square-foot distribution center (over 100,000m2 -> 15 soccer fields)

Flattener #7 Supply-Chaining Wal-Mart distribution center
Operational 24/7 supplier trucks arrive at loading docks and feed boxes to conveyor belts an electric eye reads the bar code on each box boxes ordered by particular Wal-Mart stores are sorted out by an electric arm and are loaded into waiting Wal-Mart trucks

Wal-Mart distribution
center

Flattener #7 STORE - AVAILABILITY STORE – SALES – INFORMATION FLOW
Supply-Chaining at the Wal-Mart distribution center STORE - AVAILABILITY products are placed on the shelves STORE – SALES – INFORMATION FLOW when a consumer buys a product, the cashier scans it and a signal is sent across the Wal-Mart network to the supplier of the product SUPPLIER the supplier will make another one

Flattener #7 Supply-Chaining at Wal-Mart Sorting Packing Manufacturing
Delivery Reordering Manufacturing Buying Distribution Packing Sorting

Flattener #7 Wal-Mart’s supply chain
In 1960’s started as a discount store Buy goods in bulk directly from a manufacturer to get it cheaper Not efficient for manufacturers to ship to the stores spread all over Wal-Mart setup a distribution center to which all the manufacturers could ship their merchandise Wal-Mart got its own trucks to distribute these goods to the stores Next worked with manufacturers to cut their costs Constantly improved its Information Systems – know what customers want and inform the vendors quickly

Flattener #7 Wal-Mart’s supply chain Scale and efficiency
Truck drives connected by radios and satellites; drop and pick-up Shared inventory information with suppliers Point-of-sale (POS) terminals, linked to headquarters Retail Link private extranet for suppliers Latest innovation: RFID microchips attached to each pallet and box that comes into Wal-Mart (to replace barcodes) to track them in the supply chain

Flattener #7 Prof. Yossi Sheffi at MIT explains
Good news: global supply chains that draw parts and products from every corner of the world have become essential for both retailers and manufacturers Bad news: making them work is difficult Two basic challenges in developing a global supply chain Global optimization, consider total cost, get the most reliable, low cost delivery system Coordinating supply and demand

Flattener #7 Prof. Yossi Sheffi at MIT explains Wal-Mart Zara
Strategies to cope with these challenges 1- Replace inventory with information Wal-Mart pioneered this strategy - also visibility into where products are Zara believes it is more profitable to incur shortages than overstock, and then respond to shortages rapidly Zara’s store managers carry PDA’s and send customer preferences to a central planning office From design to store in at most a month

Flattener #7 Prof. Yossi Sheffi at MIT explains Dell
Strategies to cope with these challenges 2- Postponement and Modular Design Postponement: As it becomes harder to forecast demand, companies postpone adding value to their products, i.e., assembly process until the end Dell customer provides computer specs Dell has no inventory of computers It has a basic supply of parts that can be used in many configurations-Modular Design

Flattener #7 Cost trade-offs at Dell
Inventory holding cost is lower since distributors and retailers are eliminated or very few. Lead time of 2-3 days is still higher than a retail system; however handling a retail system that provides this much customization without stockouts is impossible or too costly! Customer satisfaction is higher since all kinds of customization is allowed and lead time is reasonable. Higher delivery costs! Which has to be managed efficiently by efficient use of optimization models that work on real time data obtained from efficient information systems

Flattener #7 Supply Chain Coordination
In a coordinated supply chain the smooth flow of goods, cash and information is attained in both directions. The level of distortion in the supply chain coordination is measured by the so-called bullwhip effect. Bullwhip effect is identified by the increasing tendency in the order quantities and their fluctuations towards the upper parties in a supply chain.

Flattener #7 Factors that distort the coordination in a supply chain. Note that each results in increased bullwhip effect! Increased lot sizes leading to less frequent orders from the upper party in the supply chain Local optimization caused by each party acting to optimize its own goals rather than the overall goal of the supply chain Sales quotas assigned to sales persons leading to increased sales at the end of the planning period Quantity discounts leading to increased lot sizes

Flattener #8 Insourcing If a company has an extraordinary skill, it may market that skill as a service even though the company appears to be getting into something totally unrelated to their basic business. Very few companies can afford to develop and support a complex global supply chain on their own This created an opportunity for package delivery firms like UPS: Third party managed logistics

Flattener #8 Insourcing UPS
Engineers come inside your company, analyze its manufacturing, packaging and delivery processes and then design, redesign and manage your global supply chain They can even finance operations, collect money from customers – TRUST is key Small business can act like big

Flattener #8 Insourcing
Logistics company UPS UPS started out in 1907 in Seattle Its founder, Jim Casey, borrowed $100 from a friend to start a package delivery business Casey delivered packages by bicycle and on foot The company's name changed to UPS in 1919 Picking up and delivering package is not all that UPS does

Flattener #8 Insourcing Logistics company UPS
It has partnered with businesses like Amazon and eBay to provide shipping options to customers UPS Supply Chain Solutions oversees some surprising jobs for other companies. Basically, UPS takes care of warehousing, shipping, delivery, logistics, repair and customs brokerage for businesses. It also offers consulting services to businesses to help them refine their warehousing, shipping and logistics practices. “Synchronizing global supply chains for companies”

One such company is Toshiba. If you buy a Toshiba laptop and it breaks, UPS will: Send you a return-shipping box that your laptop will fit in Repair the laptop Ship it back to you in 3 days UPS operates Toshiba’s repair shop in their hub. UPS is also in charge for inventory and shipping for several other companies, including Rolls-Royce. Dispatching drivers and scheduling pickups of supplies for Papa John’s pizza delivery

More than 60 companies have moved operations closer to the UPS hub since 1997 so that they can produce and ship them directly from the hub without keeping a warehouse UPS engineers redesigned Ford’s North American delivery network with better tracking, time to get the cars to dealer was cut by 10 days UPS has an Operations Research Division which works on supply-chain algorithms for optimization of the supply chain

Flattener #9 In-forming
Ability to build and deploy your own personal supply chain of information, knowledge and entertainment Self-collaboration Web search Seeking like-minded people and communities Google Cofounders Larry Page and Sergey Brin, 1995 processing around 1 billion searches per day – only a third US-based

Flattener #9 In-forming
PageRank technology: Rank a web page by how many other web pages are linked to it Analysis of page content to determine which pages are most relevant to the search Images, videos, books, maps are searchable Targeted advertisement model – show adds relevant to the search Charge advertisers for the number of times users clicked on their adds

Flattener #10 Steroids Digital, Mobile, Personal, and Virtual
All sorts of things that happen to magnify the previous nine flatteners. Examples are the continued effects of Moore's Law, wi-fi, instant messaging, file sharing, P2P, VoIP, videoconferencing... Digital, Mobile, Personal, and Virtual Digital: thanks to PC-Windows+Netscape+Work flow, all analog content (photography, communication) are digitized Virtual: shaping, manipulating and transmitting digitized content can be done at very high speeds, easily Mobile: thanks to wireless technology all this can be done from anywhere, any time, through a variety of devices Personal: can be done by you on your own device

Flattener #10 Steroids The first steroid: Computing power
The second steroid: Breakthroughs in instant messaging, peer-to-peer networks The third steroid: Breakthroughs in making phone calls over the Internet (VoIP) The fourth steroid: Videoconferencing The fifth steroid: Advances in computer graphics The sixth steroid: Wireless technologies and devices

Flattener #10 The first steroid: Computing power
Computational capability MIPS: Millions of instructions per second In 1971 Intel 4004 microprocessor produced 0.06 MIPS Today Intel Pentium Extreme Edition (with two cores) produces over 20,000 MIPS Itanium processor contains 1.7 billion transistors Core processors can share the load so that neither one heats or uses too much energy

Flattener #10 The first steroid: Computing power Storage capability
Growing exponentially Ipods with 60 GB of storage, thousands of songs, pictures, videos Input/output capability With advances in fiber optics a single fiber can carry one terabit per second With 48 fibers in a cable, you can transmit all the printed material in the world in minutes

Flattener #10 Moore's law is the observation that, over the history of computing hardware, the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years. The law is named after Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore, who described the trend in his 1965 paper. His prediction has proven to be accurate, in part because the law is now used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development.[4]

Flattener #10 The second steroid: Breakthroughs in instant messaging, peer-to-peer (p2p) networks File sharing (p2p) Share songs, video online Started with Napster (reached 60 million visitors per month in a year) The third steroid: Breakthroughs in making phone calls over the Internet (VoIP) VoIP: Internet protocol service, turns voice to data packets sent via the Internet Skype: cheap, videoconferencing, handset system Voice will become free, phone companies will charge for add-ons

Flattener #10 A peer-to-peer (P2P) network is a type of decentralized and distributed network architecture in which individual nodes in the network (called "peers") act as both suppliers and consumers of resources, in contrast to the centralized client–server model where client nodes request access to resources provided by central servers. P2P architecture Client-server architecture

Flattener #10 The fourth steroid: Videoconferencing
HP and DreamWorks designed a videoconferencing suite that is realistic (sold at $250K) Will make outsourcing and offshoring easier and more efficient The fifth steroid: Advances in computer graphics Third generation user Interfaces, inspired by games Highly visual, interactive interfaces to applications in health care, education, sports, science, business

Flattener #10 The sixth steroid: Wireless technologies and devices
Access the Internet, , using a cell phone or a handheld device Machines talking to machines via RFID chips, People can work from anywhere DoCoMo in Japan Two-way video-phones Communication between people and machines With a phone Allow payment - With a smart card you can pay in virtual shops Authentication system – reach medical records Control machines at home

Flattener #10 The steroids will increase collaboration and will make it easier and cheaper They enhance uploading, outsourcing, supply-chaining, insourcing, informing

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