1. Tuberculosis in children
By Felix Cherwon MPH student UAEB.

2. OVERVIEW
T.B is a bacterial disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis.
About 1/3 of the world population has latent T.B
People with latent T.B have a lifetime risk of 10x failing ill with T.B.
T.B is treatable and curable; between , it is estimated 37 million lives were saved through T.B diagnosis and treatment (WHO report , TB 2012)

3. statistics
T.B is the second to HIV/AIDS greatest killer in infectious diseases.
In million people fell ill with T.B and 1.5 million died.
Over 95% of T.B deaths occur in low income countries.
2013, estimated 550,000 children become ill with T.B, 80,000 HIV negative died of T.B.
T.B leading killer of HIV positive people causing ¼ of all HIV deaths. CDC fact sheet, 2015 review)

4. Global Impacts of T.B
In 2013 statistics, new cases occurred in S.E Asia and Western Pacific regions accounting to 56% of new cases.
Africa had 280 cases per 100,000 population
Rise of multi drug resistance of T.B treatment on the rise.
About 480,000 people developed MDR-TB in
(CDC, fact sheet 2014 )

7. At RISK People with HIV infection
People who became infected with TB bacteria in the last 2 years
Babies and young children
People who inject illegal drugs
People who are sick with other diseases that weaken the immune system
Elderly people
People who were not treated correctly for TB in the past

8. T.B IN CHIDLREN
Childhood T.B account for 6%-10% of all T.B cases world wide.
In countries in high rate T.B, children account for 40% of all new cases.
Atleast 500,000,000 children worldwide get T.B each year.
> 74,000 children die each year.
(WHO, 2013)

9. Babies and young children often have weak immune systems.
Why children
Babies and young children often have weak immune systems.

10. Tb in kenya among children
22 high TB burden countries and is ranked 13th in the world.
12,000 TB-infected children younger than 14, representing 11 percent of all infections.
about 20 percent of TB-infected children are also HIV-positive.

11. Latent TB Infection
Usually have a skin test or blood test indicating TB infection.
Have TB bacteria in their bodies, but the bacteria are not active.
Are not sick and do not have symptoms.
Cannot spread bacteria to others.
Are often given medicine to prevent them from developing TB disease.

12. diagnosis of TB in children
Positive tuberculin skin test (TST) or positive TB blood test (IGRA),
Chest x-ray that has patterns typically associated with TB disease, and
History of contact with a person with infectious TB disease.

13. CHALLENGES IN TB DIAGNOSIS IN CHILDREN
Difficulty in collecting sputum specimens
Lab tests used to find TB in sputum are less likely to have a positive result.

14. Signs and Symptoms

15. Spread of tb

16. Tb treatment and vaccine administration
Paediatric TB expert should be involved in the treatment of TB in children
Important for completion of TB drugs administration in children.
The following drugs are usually administered;
Isoniazid: 10 mg/kg/day (10–15 mg/kg/day)
Rifampicin: 15 mg/kg/day (10–20 mg/kg/day)
Pyrazinamide: 35 mg/kg/day (30–40 mg/kg/day)
Ethambutol: 20 mg/kg/day (15–25 mg/kg/day)
BCG vaccine, or bacille Calmette-Guerin, administered to children.

17. DOT STRATEGY OF MANAGING TB

18. conclusion T.B is manageable and preventable.
Countries need to put in place effective surveillance and monitoring tools to mange T.B
Countries in middle income need to prioritize health care programs to prevent diseases like T.B

19. Cont’
Children screening must be compulsory upon indications of T.B infections.
Mothers and care givers should always seek medical attention for their children whenever any abnormal behaviour related respiratory behaviour like coughing.
THANK YOU