1. Hardware I/O, Computer Components, and Ports
Lecture
Hardware
I/O, Computer Components, and Ports

2. Moore’s Law Named for Intel Co-Founder Gordon Moore
Moore writes in a 1965 Paper:
“The number of transistors that can be inexpensively placed on an integrated circuit is increasing exponentially, doubling approximately every two years”
Moore’s Law has applied to all aspects of technology from computers to cell phones

3. Information Processing Cycle
Data is processed by CPU, sent to RAM, via BUS. Cache, GPU’s, Expansion Cards
Take in data from keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, camera etc
Hard disks - Magnetic
Floppy disks
USB media
Optical storage media
CD CDR CDRW DVD
Tapes
Zip disks
Send processed data to monitor, printer, speakers, network
Store for later use on a storage medium: hard disk, floppy, USB, CD, DVD, etc

4. Input and Output (I/O) Input Devices Output Devices Dual-Function
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
Output Devices
Printer
Monitor
Dual-Function
Fax Machine
Modems
Network Cards

5. Computer Hardware
Graphic from: Understanding Computers, Today and Tomorrow, 13th Ed.

6. Processing: (CPU) Performs the majority of processing
Usually Intel or AMD Chips
Celeron, Athlon, Pentium, Xeon are brand names for these companies
fan on top of processor

7. Processing: CPU Clock Speed
Also called “Frequency”
How fast the CPU can process data.
Measured in GHz (gigahertz)
1.7 ~ GHz
Billions of cycles per second
With 32-bits, you can use up to 4GB of physical memory, but with 64-bits you can theoretically use up to 17.2 billion GB of memory (although this amount is usually severely limited by the operating system).
For example, a 64-bit (8-byte) wide FSB operating at a frequency of 100 MHz that performs 4 transfers per cycle has a bandwidth of 3200 megabytes per second (MB/s):
8 B × 100 MHz × 4/cycle = 3200 MB/sThe number of transfers per clock cycle depends on the technology used. For example, GTL+ performs 1 transfer/cycle, EV6 2 transfers/cycle, and AGTL+ 4 transfers/cycle. Intel calls the technique of four transfers per cycle Quad Pumping.

8. CPU Clock Speed History - Intel

9. CPU TERMS: pg 1
Cache: Internal memory in the CPU, housing frequently accessed data and instructions for superfast turnaround on memory requests.
Clock speed: The speed at which a CPU executes its instructions, usually measured in gigahertz (billions of cycles per second); also known as the chip's "frequency.“
Code name: A company's nomenclature for a new series of chips; may refer to a processor lineup ("Gulftown" or "Deneb"), a microarchitecture (Intel's "Nehalem"), or a platform (AMD's "Dragon") – “Sandy Bridge” (Intel) and “Ivy Bridge” is Intel's current line of chips. “PileDriver” is AMD’s current line of chips
Core: The part of the processor that reads and executes program instructions

10. Anatomy of a CPU
A microprocessor executes a collection of machine instructions that tell the processor what to do. Based on the instructions, a microprocessor does three basic things:
Using its ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit), a microprocessor can perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Modern microprocessors contain complete floating point processors that can perform extremely sophisticated operations on large floating point numbers.
A microprocessor can move data from one memory location to another.
A microprocessor can make decisions and jump to a new set of instructions based on those decisions.

11. CPU TERMS: pg 2
Die: The physical surface area on which a semiconductor circuit is fabricated. Smaller die sizes reduce chip manufacturing costs and chip power consumption.
GPU: Graphics processing unit-the chip that processes graphics and video. It may be located on the CPU, as part of the motherboard chipset, or on a separate ("discrete") graphics card.
Nanometer: One billionth of a meter; the unit used to gauge the distance between the narrow connections tying transistors on a CPU.
Socket: The electrical interface on the motherboard, where the CPU sits; usually backward-compatible over chip iterations.
Nanometer in perspective Human DNA – 2.5 nanometers; Bacteria 2.5 micrometers; Raindrop 2.5 millameters

12. Processing: Core – reads and executes program instructions
Thin wafers of silicon hold hundreds of processing cores.
Each core contains millions of transistors
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals
Click Here for more
Current transistors are about 22 nanometers or 50 atoms

13. Multi-core systems
Multi-Core systems (ie Intel Core Duo) connect two CPUs together to the same die on the motherboard.
A dual-core processor with two cores at 2GHz may perform very nearly as fast as a single core of 3.7GHz
Intel core i7 – 4 or 6 cores

14. CPU TERMS: pg 3
Multithreading: Rotating between multiple threads, or independent sequences of instructions, in order to reach faster and more efficient processing; supports multitasking
Hyper-Threading (Intel): similar to above – specifically engaging multiple cores
Turbo Boost (Intel): Exceeding maximum Ghz of processing speed when certain conditions are met for added performance
Parallel Processing: CPUs working together to execute instructions for one job more quickly; often used with servers and mainframes
Multi-Processing: Each CPU (or core) typically works on a different job; often used with personal computers with multi-core processors

15. Processing: CPU Cache
A temporary storage area for frequently/recently accessed data
Fewer requests to RAM and Hard Drive, speeds up the processing
Measured in megabytes (MB) or kilobytes (KB), such as 512 KB
L1 is fastest, L2 next fastest, etc.
Speed and location
“Shared Cache” is cache that is shared among all cores.

16. Processing: CPU Front Side Bus
The connecting path between the processor and other key components such as the memory controller hub.
Bus speeds are measured in GHz or MHz.
Width – wires data travel
QPI – Intel “Quick Path Interface – Replaces FSB
Width - An 8-bit ALU can add/subtract/multiply/etc. two 8-bit numbers, while a 32-bit ALU can manipulate 32-bit numbers. An 8-bit ALU would have to execute four instructions to add two 32-bit numbers, while a 32-bit ALU can do it in one instruction.

17. Current Family of Intel Chips7 8 3 4 2 1 6 5
2 cores 4 MB L-3
6 cores MB L-3
6 cores 12 MB L-3
2 cores No L-3
4 cores No L-3
4 cores 6 MB L3
6 cores 6 MB L-3
4 cores
GPU on core
NO Turbo*
Turbo
Boost*
Turbo
Boost*
Turbo
Core*
Now into the 2nd generation i3, i5, i7
Turbo Core and Turbo Boost are trade names of Intel and AMD that refer to “Hyperthreading” -- So for each core with hyperthreading, the operating system address 2 “virtual” processors – So a 6 core machine with hyperthreading will behave like a 12 core machine.
Intel new generation of CPUs, known under the codename SandyBridge (SB from here on) is here (Jan 2011.) Replacing Intel’s LGA1156 Clarkdale (Known as Core i3/i5/i7 3xx, 5xx and 8xx) CPUs, the LGA1155 based SB CPUs (Known as Core i3/i5/i7 i21xx, i23xx, i24xx, i25xx and i26xx) bring in a 10%-50% performance improvement and lower power consumption, compared to the previous-generation of LGA1156 Clarkdale CPUs.
Current Family of Intel Chips
2011

18. Chips: Ivy Bridge (Intel) Pile Driver (AMD) Top of the line
Note pricing! For chip only!!!

20. Moore’s Law: Its true!
Current transistors are about 20 nanometers thick or 50 atoms
About 10 years away from maxing out current technology

21. Processing: RAM Random Access
Volatile
Temporary storage for all data and processes (programs) currently running
Measured in type, size, speed,
Size: 1.0 GB +
Speed: 600 MHz +

22. Processing: RAM Types
SDRAM stands for Synchronous RAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory). Old standard in PC industry for memory
DDR SDRAM (double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM) takes all the features of ordinary SDRAM and increases the frequency bandwidth to improve system performance and speed.
DDR3 SDRAM – Today’ Standard (double-data-rate type 3 synchronous dynamic random access memory) Its primary benefit is the ability to operate the external data bus twice as fast as DDR SDRAM.
GDDR# (5) newest – graphics memory, higher speeds and larger bandwidth
DRAM (Dynamic RAM) This is the most common type of computer memory. DRAM needs refreshing and is refreshed hundreds of times each second in order to retain data. During recharging it cannot be accessed by the CPS
SRAM (Static RAM) SRAM is approximately 5 times faster (and twice as expensive, as DRAM). It does not have to be constantly refreshed. Because of its lower cost and smaller size, DRAM is preferred for the main memory, while SRAM is used primarily for cache memory.
SDRAM (synchronous dynamic RAM) SDRAM
The standard memory offering in the PC industry and is faster than older DRAM (Dynamic RAM) because it's synchronized to the system clock. . It is designed for mainstream home and business applications, , and basic audio and video streaming. It provides single-channel memory and is available on our mainstream and value desktop system. It is a solid state computer memory that waits for the rising or falling edge of the clock signal to synchronize data transfer (see diagram below). SDRAM DIMMs are rated according to its maximum clock rate and they transfer 8 bytes per clock cycle. They are available in 168-pin DIMM module (used in desktop computers) and 144-pin SODIMM nodule (used in most laptops and embedded hardware devices). Physically, a 168-pin DIMM SDRAM has 2 "notches" (as opposed to 1 on a 184-pin DIMM DDR RAM).
Cache Ram: Small block of expensive, high
DDR SDRAM (double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM) takes all the features of ordinary SDRAM and increases the frequency bandwidth to improve system performance and speed.
DDR2 SDRAM or double-data-rate two synchronous dynamic random access memory is a random access memory technology used in electronic engineering for high speed storage of the working data of a computer or other digital electronic device.
It is a part of the SDRAM (synchronous dynamic random access memory) family of technologies, which is one of many DRAM (dynamic random access memory) implementations, and is an evolutionary improvement over its predecessor, DDR SDRAM.
Its primary benefit is the ability to operate the external data bus twice as fast as DDR SDRAM. This is achieved by improved bus signaling, and by operating the memory cells at half the clock rate (one quarter of the data transfer rate), rather than at the clock rate as in the original DDR. DDR2 memory at the same clock speed as DDR will provide the same bandwidth but markedly higher latency, providing worse performance.
RDRAM (Rambus dynamic RAM) is able to load a new stream of data before the previous stream has completed, resulting in faster access speeds. The RDRAM memory features dual-channel processing which doubles data throughput to further enhance performance. This type of memory is optimized for high-end multimedia tasks involving video and audio. Dual Channel RDRAM is shipped on our performance desktop systems powered by Pentium 4 processors
CACHE RAM is a small block of high-speed memory located between the Processor and main memory and is used to store frequently requested data and instructions. When the processor requests data, it will check in the cache first

23. DIMMS and SIMMS 2 SIMMS = 1 DIMM Single in line Memory Modules
Same electrical contact on both sides of the module
32 bit data path
Double in line Memory Modules
DIMMs have separate electrical contacts on each side of the module
64 bit data path
2 SIMMS = 1 DIMM
RAM speeds
[top]
RAM speed is measured in ns (nano seconds). The fewer ns, the faster is the RAM. Years ago, RAM came in 120, 100 and 80 ns. Today, we are talking about 60 ns and faster.
It becomes complicated to describe the relationship between RAM speed and the ability of the system bus to utilize fast RAM. I will gloss over that. But here is a table which illustrates RAM speed, relative to clock speed:

24. RAM Speeds
RAM speed is measured in megahertz (MHz). RAM is measured by its speed (MHz) and by its size (megabytes or gigabytes). For example you could have DDR3 RAM (name) 600mhz (speed of the RAM)
RAM speeds
[top]
RAM speed is measured in ns (nano seconds). The fewer ns, the faster is the RAM. Years ago, RAM came in 120, 100 and 80 ns. Today, we are talking about 60 ns and faster.
It becomes complicated to describe the relationship between RAM speed and the ability of the system bus to utilize fast RAM. I will gloss over that. But here is a table which illustrates RAM speed, relative to clock speed:

25. Buying RAM: Today’s Standards

26. Relationship between the CPU & RAM
RAM receives and temporarily stores data and program instructions from the CPU This data bank communicates with the CPU, constantly exchanging information and constantly changing as long as the computer is on 
Random Access Memory (RAM) is the workhorse behind the performance of your computer. Working as a foot soldier for your processor, RAM temporarily stores information from your operating system, applications, and data in current use. This gives your processor easy access to the critical information that makes your programs run. The amount of RAM you have determines how many programs can be executed at one time and how much data can be readily available to a program. It also determines how quickly your applications perform and how many applications you can easily toggle between at one time. Simply put, the more RAM you have, the more programs you can run smoothly and simultaneously.
More info on RAM - Wikipedia

27. Processing: Expansion slots and cards
An expansion card is a circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a motherboard to add additional functionality for video, audio, or other uses:
AGP Slot (for video cards)
PCI Slots (misc devices and ports)
PCMCIA (for laptops)

28. Processing: Video Cards or GPUs
Generates and outputs images to a display
Old Standard = 32 Megabytes
New = 128 – 256 MB+
Needed to run DirectX 9 graphics built into Vista
Dedicated Graphics card most powerful
Integrated graphics solution uses portions of RAM for graphics
Best Graphics Card for you

29. Processing: Ports: Connecting slots & peripherals

30. Ports
Firewire
Video/Monitor - VGA
HDMI
Cat-5
(network)
DVI
USB
Serial

31. More Ports

32. Storage Devices – Long term
Hard disk
Magnetic
Solid state
USB media
Optical storage media
CD CDR CDRW DVD
Floppy disks? Old
Zip disks? Older
Tapes? Oldest

33. HDDs and SSDs
HDD’s : Hard Disk Drives that use spinning magnetic platens and read/write heads
SDD’s : Solid State Drives retain data in non-volatile microchips and contain no moving parts.
SSD’s less susceptible to shock; quieter –but more expensive.
Longevity of “write” area problem for SSD’s

34. Hard Drive Photos

35. Hard Drive Photos
Hard Disk Head
Hard Disk

36. Reading a Hard Disk Disks are read just like a record player
Data is stored on the disk
The disk spins
A head moves back and forth
Data is read and sent to the motherboard
Data is stored magnetically as charged (on) or not charged (off)

37. Storage – FAT/NTFS

38. Solid State Drives
Use non-volatile chips for storage (Flash), rather than magnetic platens and read/write heads – no moving parts

39. Solid State Drive
Solid state hard drives use a series of transistors, pieces of silicone and semiconductors to transfer the electrical current.
Like all data storage, solid state drives use binary, a series of 1s and 0s, to represent data.
A 0 is represented by a transistor that cannot accept an electrical current, while a 1 is represented by one that allows the flow of electricity.
Data is stored and retrieved using electrical current

40. Solid State Pricing Example

41. Hybrid Hard Drives

42. vs. RAM vs Hard Drive Electronic Very fast Expensive Small capacity
Temp storage
Magnetic
Very slow
Cheap
Large capacity
Long term storage

43. Relationship: CPU, RAM, and the Hard Drive

44. Past … Present … Future ?

45. Types of Software System Software Operating System
Unix, Windows, Linux, OSx, Solairs
32bit vs 64 bit
A system with a 64-bit operating system (Windows® 7,8) can handle larger amounts of information than a 32-bit system. Since it can use more RAM—4 GB and up—a 64-bit computer can be more responsive when you're running lots of programs at once
Duties: Multitasking, Memory Management, Buffering and Spooling, Command Line and GUI, Clipboard, Management of all peripheral devices
Utility Programs : File Management, Anti-Virus, Anti-Spyware, Diagnostic Utilities, Backup and Recovery, Network and Internet Utilities

46. Types of Software
Application Software – Used to perform specific tasks
Word Processing
Spreadsheet
Database
Presentation
Internet Browsing
Multimedia
Games

47. OS Requirements
Software is always written for a specific operating system
Programmers sometimes release multiple versions of an application for different OSes

48. Computer Longevity Always buy as much CPU and RAM as you can afford
Longevity will depend on usage
Everyday business tasks require less processing power
Graphics, multimedia, require large amts of CPU and RAM

49. Check your own system:
Computer
Properties

50. Windows Operating System

51. Mac OSx
Apple
About this Mac
More Info

52. Mac Properties

53. Upgrading your computer
Add RAM
Additional Hard Drive
Faster Video Card
Faster CPU

54. Let Shop! www.dell.com www.apple.com/mac www.acer.com www.gateway.com
And others!