1. Political Parties and Participation

2. Day 1: Political Parties

3. What Is a Party?
A political party is a group of persons who seek to control government by winning elections and holding office.
The two major parties in American politics are the Republican and Democratic parties.
Parties can be principle-oriented, issue-oriented, or election-oriented. The American parties are election-oriented. 2 3 4 5
Chapter 5, Section 1

4. Functions of Political Parties
Make policy preferences
Set agendas
Help select candidates for office
Run campaigns
Educate the electorate
Organize the government
One of the access points of special interests and individuals seeking help from the system.
Act as a Watchdog—Parties that are out of power keep a close eye on the actions of the party in power for a blunder to use against them in the next election.

5. Section Review 1. A political party can be
(a) principle-oriented.
(b) issue-oriented.
(c) election-oriented.
(d) all of the above.
2. Political parties fulfill all of the following functions EXCEPT
(a) acting as watchdog.
(b) informing and activating supporters.
(c) supplying all campaign funding.
(d) governing by partisanship.
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Chapter 5, Section 1

6. The Nation’s First Parties
Federalists
Led by Alexander Hamilton
Represented wealthy and upper-class interests
Favored strong executive leadership and liberal interpretation of the Constitution
Anti-Federalists
Led by Thomas Jefferson
Represented the “common man”
Favored Congress as the strongest arm of government and a strict interpretation of the Constitution 1 2 4 5
Chapter 5, Section 3

7. American Parties: Eras
The Three Historical Eras
The Era of the Democrats, 1800—1860
Democrats dominate all but two presidential elections.
The Whig Party emerges in 1834, but declines by the 1850s, electing only two Presidents.
The Republican Party is founded in 1854.
The Era of the Republicans, 1860—1932
Republicans dominate all but four presidential elections.
The Civil War disables the Democratic Party for the remainder of the 1800s.
The Return of the Democrats, 1932—1968
Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected President four times. 1 2 4 5
Chapter 5, Section 3

8. Section Review 1. The nation’s first two parties were
(a) the Democrats and the Republicans.
(b) the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.
(c) the Democratic-Republicans and the Republican-Democrats.
(d) the Federalists and the Republicans.
2. The Republican Party dominated the presidency from
(a) 1932–1968.
(b) 1860–1932.
(c) 1800–1860.
(d) 1783–1800.
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Chapter 5, Section 3

9. S E C T I O N 2 The Two-Party System
Why does the United States have a two-party system?
How do multiparty and one-party systems function and what are their influences on government?
What membership characteristics do American parties have? 1 3 4 5
Chapter 5, Section 2

10. Why a Two-Party System?
The Historical Basis. The nation started out with two-parties: the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.
The Force of Tradition. America has a two-party system because it always has had one. Minor parties, lacking wide political support, have never made a successful showing, so people are reluctant to support them.
The Electoral System. Certain features of government, such as single-member districts, are designed to favor two major parties.
Ideological Consensus. Most Americans have a general agreement on fundamental matters. Conditions that would spark several strong rival parties do not exist in the United States. 1 3 4 5
Chapter 5, Section 2

11. Multiparty Systems Advantages
Provides broader representation of the people.
More responsive to the will of the people.
Give voters more choices at the polls.
Disadvantages
Cause parties to form coalitions, which can dissolve easily.
Failure of coalitions can cause instability in government. 1 3 4 5
Chapter 5, Section 2

12. Minor Parties in the United States1 2 3 5
Chapter 5, Section 4

13. Why Minor Parties Are Important
“Spoiler Role”
Minor party candidates can pull decisive votes away from one of the major parties’ candidates, especially if the minor party candidate is from a splinter party.
Critic
Minor parties, especially single-issue parties, often take stands on and draw attention to controversial issues that the major parties would prefer to ignore.
Innovator
Often, minor parties will draw attention to important issues and propose innovative solutions to problems. If these proposals gain popular support, they are often integrated into the platforms of the two major parties. 1 2 3 5
Chapter 5, Section 4
Chapter 5, Section 4
Chapter 5, Section 4

14. Section Review
1. Types of minor parties in the United States include all of the following EXCEPT
(a) ideological parties.
(b) single-issue parties.
(c) regulatory parties.
(d) splinter parties.
2. Ross Perot, who ran as a third-party candidate in 1992 and 1996, falls into which minor party category?
(a) single-issue party
(b) splinter party
(c) economic protest party
(d) none of the above
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Chapter 5, Section 4

15. Day 2
Ideology/platform, polarization and centrist tendencies, Conservatism and Liberalism (Nolan Chart)

16. Political Ideology What is political ideology?
One’s basic beliefs about power, political values, and the role of government
Grows out of economical, educational, and social conditions and experiences
4 Main Ideologies in America Today
Liberalism
Conservatism
Socialism
Libertarianism
Moderate (Middle of the Road)

17. Political Ideology: Liberalism
What is a Liberal? (The Left)
Supports active federal government in promoting individual welfare and supporting civil rights, and accepts peaceful political social change within the existing political system

18. Today’s Liberal (Democratic Party)
The Democratic party traces its roots from the Democratic-Republican party of Jefferson.
Democrats believe that:
it is the responsibility of government to care of individuals
The Central government must expand its influence
business decisions should be guided by government officials
Increase government taxes and spending to aid social programs and redistribute wealth
Scale down military spending
We should provide public education for all that is not burden with State Exams
Lowering immigration requirements

19. Political Ideology: Conservatism
What is a Conservative? (The Right)
Promotes a limited government role in helping individuals economically, supports traditional values and lifestyles, favors a more active role for government in promoting national security, and approaches change cautiously

20. Political Ideology: Conservatism
The New Right ( Radical Conservatives)
Emerged in 1980’s
Favors prayer in schools (Christian)
Opposes abortion, pornography, affirmative action, homosexuality
Believe government should help perform duties of family and church (impose social controls)
Most famous group is Christian Coalition (led by Pat Robertson)

21. Political Ideology: Conservatism
"The Constitution of the United States, for instance, is a marvelous document for self-government by the Christian people. But the minute you turn the document into the hands of non-Christian people and atheistic people they can use it to destroy the very foundation of our society. And that's what's been happening." – Pat Robertson, The 700 Club, Dec. 30, 1981
"The feminist agenda is not about equal rights for women. It is about a socialist, anti-family political movement that encourages women to leave their husbands …" -- Pat Robertson, fundraising letter, 1992
The New Right (Radical Conservatives) cont.
Pat Robertson

22. Political Ideology: Liberals vs. Conservatives Representative Party
Democratic Party
Conservative
Republican Party

23. Political Ideology: Liberals vs. Conservatives Business
Some government regulation of business needed
Agrees with the following:
Affirmative Action
Labor Unions
Conservative
Little government regulation
Pro Business
Does not agree with the following:
Affirmative Action
Labor Unions

24. Political Ideology: Liberals vs
Political Ideology: Liberals vs. Conservatives: Taxes and Social Spending
Liberals
Increase
Used to support social programs in the states like
Welfare
Medicaid and Medicare
Homeless shelters
Free clinics
Shelters for battered women
Soup kitchens
Conservatives
Decrease
Social programs in the states should be supported through charities state taxes
“Trickle Down Economics”

25. Political Ideology: Liberals vs. Conservatives Abortion
Pro – Choice (For)
Conservative
Pro – Life (Against)

26. Political Ideology: Liberals vs. Conservatives Defense Spending
Decrease
Use more for social spending
Conservative
Increase or maintain

27. Political Ideology: Liberals vs. Conservatives Death Penalty
Against it (Anti)
Would like to see it banned by the national government
Conservatives
For it (Pro)
“Eye for an eye”

28. Political Ideology: Liberals vs. Conservatives Government Size
Big national government
More government involvement
Conservatives
Small national government
Less government involvement
Bill Clinton
Ronald Reagan

29. Political Ideology: Liberals vs. Conservatism Foreign Relations
Negotiate first
If U.S. in imminent danger, take action with allied support after all alternatives have been rejected
Conservative
Negotiate first
If U.S. is in imminent danger, take pre-emptive action, even if allies do not support us

30. Political Ideology: Liberals vs. Conservatives Same Sex Marriage
Believe it should be legal
Not a moral issue, but an equality issue and it is protected by the Constitution
Conservatives
Believe it should not be legal
Support a Constitutional Amendment to define marriage
Is a moral issue tied to religion

31. Political Ideology: Liberals vs
Political Ideology: Liberals vs. Conservatives Attitude Towards Criminals
Liberals
Want rights of accused protected first and foremost
Interested in finding out “why” person committed crime
Conservatives
Want rights of victims protected first and foremost
Not concerned with “why” person committed crime

32. Political Ideology: Liberals vs. Conservatives Doctor Assisted Suicide
Believe it should be legal and protected by the courts
Individual rights issue
Conservatives
Believe it should be illegal and not protected by the courts
Suicide not an individual right protected

33. Political Ideology: Liberals vs. Conservatives Minimum Wage
For it – would like to see it increased
Believe national government should set it to protect workers
Conservatives
Against it – would like to see it end
Believe it is too much regulation on business

34. Political Ideology: Liberals vs. Conservatives Social Security
Believe it should be left in the hands of the federal government
Conservatives
Believe it should be privatized

35. Political Ideology: Liberals vs. Conservatives Health Care
Should be 100% provided by the national government
Conservatives
Should continue to be de-regulated and left in the hands of independent, competing heath care providers

36. Political Ideology: Liberals vs. Conservatives Personal Responsibility
Believe government sometimes needs to protect us from ourselves
Conservatives
Believe people are responsible for their own misfortune
Should not rely on government for handouts

37. Political Ideology: Liberals vs. Conservatives Malpractice Lawsuits
Lawsuits should be pursued and punitive damages awarded to victims should not be limited
Conservatives
Should be a cap on punitive damages awarded to victims

38. Political Ideology: Liberals vs. Conservatives Religion
Want to keep clear and strict separation of church and state
No religion in government policy
Conservatives
Would like to implement more religion into government policy
Views largely based on religion

39. Political Ideology: Socialism
What is Socialism?
“It is the transitional stage between capitalism and communism.” – Karl Marx (Father of Socialism)
American socialists favor an expanded role of govt. and share the following views:
Public ownership of key industries
Vast public job programs – all who want to work will be put to work (“Build jobs, not jails”)
High taxes for wealthy
Cut in defense spending – against war
Social and economic equality is goal
Against capitalist “free market economy”
Healthcare and childcare provided for all
Free post secondary education (college)

40. Political Ideology: Libertarianism
What is Libertarianism?
Ideology that cherishes individual liberty above all else, and favors a sharply limited state and federal government
Has overtones of anarchism, liberalism, and conservatism
Views include the following:
Massive cuts in federal spending; reduce and eliminate taxes
End to FBI/CIA (any federal government policing)
Small defense (use only if attacked, no offensives)
Complete withdrawal of all overseas U.S. military
Elimination of all government programs (like welfare)
Repeal laws regulating morality (abortion, porn, prostitution, recreational drugs)
No government regulation (even seat belt or motorcycle helmet laws)

41. Political Ideology: Demographics

42. Nolan Chart

43. Nolan Chart

44. Party Coalitions
The Republican Party appeals to rural and suburban dwellers, New Englanders (except Massachusetts), Mid-westerners, Westerners, white collar workers, older voters, WASPs, high income, high educated, the religious right, anti-abortion, conservatives.
The Democratic Party appeals to urban dwellers, African Americans, Jews, *Catholics, other minorities, blue-collar workers, union members, lower educated, lower income, intellectuals, gay rights, women, pro-choice.
Catholics and Southerners used to be Democrats, but are increasingly Republican.

45. Today’s Republican Party
The Republican party is a product of Hamilton’s Federalist party
Republicans believe that:
Each person, and not the government is responsible for his or her own place in society.
Downsize the federal government’s influence
Leave economic decisions to the business and not the government
Reduce government spending on social programs and lower taxes
Increase military spending for security
Privatize education and more exams
Protect border from immigrants and crack down on illegal immigration.

46. Trump Versus Republicans
Consistent Message
Washington Outsider who intends challenge all politicians (no Patronage)
Scale down American Commitments

47. Trump Versus Republicans
Specific issues: abortion
VA reform
Immigration reform

48. Hillary Labor and workers’ rights LGBT rights and equality
Small business
Racial justice
Gun violence prevention
Fixing America’s infrastructure

49. Polarization and Centrism

50. Day 3: Party Organization

51. S E C T I O N 5 Party Organization
Why do the major parties have a decentralized structure?
How does the national party machinery and the State and local party machinery operate?
What are the three components of the parties?
What are the future possibilities for the major parties? 1 2 3 4
Chapter 5, Section 5

52. Structure and Organization of Political Parties
National Convention
National Committee
National Chairperson
Congressional campaign Committee
State and Local Organization

53. Party Structure National Party Machinery National convention
Meets in the summer of presidential years
Performs duties of rules and platform
No other role
National committee
Handles affairs of the party between conventions
Committee representative from each state and territory and groups
Not much power outside staging next convention

54. Party Structure National Chairperson Congressional Campaign Committee
Leader of the National committee
4 year term after end of convention
Directs work party HQ in Washington
Focus on campaign, raising money, recruitment
Congressional Campaign Committee
Campaign committee in each house
Focus on reelection of incumbents congressman
Serve for 2 years

55. National Party Machinery
The National Convention
The National Chairperson
The Congressional Campaign Committees
The National Committee
All four elements of both major parties work together loosely to achieve the party’s goals. 1 2 3 4
Chapter 5, Section 5

56. The Decentralized Nature of the Parties
Both of the major parties are highly decentralized and fragmented.
Why?
The party out of power lacks a strong leader.
The federal system distributes powers widely, in turn causing the parties to be decentralized.
The nominating process pits party members against one another because only one person can chosen to be the party’s presidential candidate. 1 2 3 4
Chapter 5, Section 5

57. State and Local Party Machinery
State and local party organization varies from State to State, but usually follow the general principles below. 1 2 3 4
Chapter 5, Section 5

58. The Three Components of the Party
Party Components
The Party Organization:
Those who run and control the party machinery.
The Party in the Electorate
Those who always or almost always vote for party candidates.
The Party in Government
Those who hold office in the government. 1 2 3 4
Chapter 5, Section 5
Chapter 5, Section 5

59. Section Review
1. Where did the decentralized structure of the two major parties originate?
(a) with the Fourteenth Amendment
(b) popular opinion demanded decentralization
(c) the Federalist nature of the government
(d) all of the above
2. All of the following are factors in the present, weakened state of parties EXCEPT
(a) split-ticket voting.
(b) changes in the technology of campaigning.
(c) scandal surrounding national conventions.
(d) the growth of single-issue organizations.
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Chapter 5, Section 5

60. Day 4: Voting
Suffrage
Influences
Campaigns and Finance

61. Voting The Rise of the American Electorate
1789 – white, male property owners
1850 – nearly all white adult males
1870 – 15th amendment, all men over 21
1920 – 19th amendment, all men and women over 21
1960’s voting rights
1971 – all men and women over 18

62. Presidential Elections
Exploration
Announcement/Press Conference
Money, Organization, Strategy and Themes
Primary Elections and caucuses: closed, open and blanket primaries
Nominating Conventions
Campaigning and the General Election
The Electoral College (270 electoral votes needed to win)

63. Why is voter turnout so low?
What would increase voter turnout in the future?

64. Voter Turnout
Americans vote less, but participate more than people in other countries in other forms of political behavior.
Younger voters are the least likely to vote.
Restrictive laws and the burden of individual registration contribute to low voter turnout.
Americans are skeptical
Low Political efficacy

65. Day 5: Media, Public Opinion, Interest Groups

66. Interest Groups
Interest groups are private organizations that try to persuade public officials to respond to the shared attitudes of their members
Interest groups have been viewed with suspicion
James Madison warned against the dangers of “factions” in Federalist # 10
Interest groups raise awareness in public affairs and allow members to achieve a common goal
Represent their members
Provide information to government

67. Techniques of Interest Groups
Influencing public opinion
Propaganda
Lobbying
Influencing elections – campaigning and contributing money through PACs
Litigation

68. Types of Interest Groups
Economic Interest Groups – business groups, trade associations, labor groups, agricultural groups, professional groups
Groups that promote causes – ACLU, National Right to Life Committee, National Rifle Association, Sierra Club
Groups that promote the welfare of certain groups – AARP, NAACP, Christian Coalition
Public Interest Groups – League of Women Voters, Common Cause, MADD

69. Propaganda Techniques
Circle the one that was used most often in last election for HW pass
Circle the one that was used most often in last election for HW pass

70. ANALYZE 2 POLITICAL CARTOONS
What are the symbols on the Cartoon and their meeting?
Is the Cartoonist Republican or Democrat or other? Who is the target?
What is the message?

73. The Media Print – magazines, newspapers
Roles of the Media
Print – magazines, newspapers
Electronic – cable, satellite, network (“free”), radio, internet
Mass Media
Group Media
Social Media
Reporting the news
Interpreting the news
Influencing public opinion
Setting the political agenda
Socialization
Providing a link between citizens and government

74. Rules Governing the Media
The Federal Communications Commission was established in 1934
Rules relating to ownership, equal access air time, libel, slander
First Amendment protects freedom of the press
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 deregulated the media
“self” censorship