1. AP World History Unit 4

2. Trade
Existing regional patterns intensified (List examples below)

3. Rise of Transoceanic Travel/Trade
Europeans built on classical, Islamic, and Asian technological knowledge
Improved understanding of winds, ocean currents
New tools, ship designs
* Astrolabe * New Maps * Caravel * Carrack *Fluyt

4. New Transoceanic reconnaissance (exploration)
Portugal developed technology and skills
Traded with West Africa
Developed trading post empire
Spain sponsored voyages of Columbus, others
Crossed Atlantic and Pacific oceans
Increased European interest in travel, trade

5. Royal Chartered Companies
Facilitated global circulation of goods
Monopolies
Silver from Americas to purchase Asian goods
European merchants transported goods within Asia, Indian Ocean region
Regional markets flourished in Afro-Eurasia using:
Established commercial practices
New transoceanic shipping routes

6. A Global Economy
Commercialization closely connected to global circulation of American silver

7. Joint-stock Companies
Used by European rulers to control domestic, colonial economies
Mercantilism
European merchants competed against one another in global trade

8. The Atlantic System Formerly known as (f/k/a) Triangular Trade
Movement of goods, wealth, free and unfree laborers
Mixing of African, American, European cultures and people

9. The Columbian Exchange
Created by new connections between Eastern, Western hemispheres

10. Americas to Afro-Eurasia
Potatoes, maize, manioc became staple crops grown in Europe, Asia, Africa 
Sugar and tobacco became cash crops in Americas
Grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor
Exported to Europe, Middle East

11. Spread of disease
Smallpox, measles, and influenza decimated Amerindian populations that were not immune
Vermin, including mosquitoes and rats, were spread unintentionally

12. Afro-Eurasia to the Americas
Europeans brought fruit trees, grains, sugar to Americas
Also domesticated animals (horses, cattle, pigs)
African slaves brought other foods (okra, rice)

13. Benefits to Afro-Eurasia
Increased diversity of food crops improved nutrition
Populations increased

14. Effects on Environment
Europeans introduced agricultural, settlement practices to Americas
Often affected physical environment
Deforestation, soil depletion

15. Religious reform, expansion
Increased interactions between hemispheres
Intensified connections
Created syncretic belief systems, practices

16. Sufi practices spread Islam by adapting to local culture
Rivalry between Ottomans and Safavids made Shi’a/Sunni split worse
Christianity spread and diversified
Diffusion, reformation
Vodun developed in Caribbean (Christianity, African religions)
Sikhism developed in South Asia (Hindu, Islam)
Buddhism declined in southern, island southeastern Asia
but spread in northeastern and mainland southeast Asia

17. Funding for the arts Increased with profits of merchants, governments
Popular audiences got more access to arts
Literacy increased

18. Environmental factors
Decrease of temperatures in 14th Century
Little Ice Age
Lasted until 19th Century
Contributed to change in agricultural practices
Led to contraction of settlement in N. Hemisphere

19. Agriculture Traditional peasant agriculture Increased and changed
Russian Siberia, cotton textiles in India, silk textiles in China
Plantations expanded
Demand for labor increased
Contributed to cycle of global demand for raw materials and finished products

20. Slavery
Continued in Africa with incorporation of slaves into households
Export of slaves to Mediterranean and Indian Ocean
Growth of plantations led to demand for slaves in Americas
Colonial economies in Americas depended on coerced labor
Chattel slavery
Indentured servitude
Encomienda and hacienda
Spanish adaptation of Inca mit’a

21. Hierarchies restructured
New political, economic elites formed
Imperial conquests
Widening economic opportunity
Examples:
Manchus (China)
Creoles (Spanish America)
Gentry (Europe)
Urban entrepreneurs (major port cities)

22. Elites challenged Harder to affect policies of more powerful monarchs
Zamindars (Mughal Empire)
Nobility (Europe)
Daimyo (Japan)

23. Gender, family restructuring
Demographic changes in Africa resulting from slave trade
European men depended on Southeast Asian women for conducting trade
European family sizes smaller

24. Rulers consolidate power
Used religious ideas, art, monumental architecture to legitimize rule
Use of religion
Europe – Divine Right
Safavid – Shi’ism
Mexica/Aztec – Human sacrifice
Songhay – Islam
Chinese emperors – Confucian rituals

25. Used religious ideas, art, monumental architecture to legitimize rule (cont.)
Use of art and monumental architecture
Ottoman – miniature painting
Qing – imperial portraits
Mughal – mausolea, mosques (Taj Mahal)
Europeans – palaces (Versailles)

26. Treatment of ethnic, religious groups
States utilized economic contributions, limited ability to challenge authority
Ottoman treatment of non-Muslims
Manchu policy toward Chinese
Spanish creation of Republica de Indios
Spanish, Portuguese racial classifications
Mestizo,
Mulatto
Creole

27. Centralized control
Rulers used bureaucratic elites, professional soldiers to control populations, resources
Ottoman Devshirme
Chinese examination system
Salaried Samurai

28. Revenue for Expansion
Tribute collection
Tax farming

29. Imperial Expansion In both hemispheres, relied on increased use of:
Gunpowder
Cannons
Armed Trade

30. Trading post empires Europeans established empires in Africa, Asia
Profitable for rulers, merchants
Affected power of interior West, Central Africa

31. Land Empires Expanded dramatically Manchu Mughal Ottoman Russian
Safavid, Tokugawa

32. Maritime Empires Established in Americas by European States Portuguese
Spanish
Dutch
French
British

33. Challenges to consolidation, expansion 1/3
Competition over trade routes
Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean, 
Piracy in the Caribbean 

34. Challenges to consolidation, expansion 2/3
State rivalries
Thirty Years War
Ottoman-Safavid conflict

35. Challenges to consolidation, expansion 3/3
Local resistance
food riots,
samurai revolts
peasant uprisings