1. LAMSS Laboratory for Adaptive Materials and Smart Structures

2. Outline  Mechatronics – Micro-controllers Education
Vibration Monitoring Enhancement Program (VMEP)
E/M Impedance Structural Health Monitoring
Wave Propagation Non-destructive Evaluation
Smart Materials Actuation

3. EMCH Controllers
Motorola MC68HC11EVB: $ Ideal for still applications - More memory suits bigger programs - Communicates directly with PC
Same chip: MC68HC11
Homebuilt: $20 + labor Cheaper Smaller Better suited for autonomous robots

4. EMCH 367 Projects USC Raceway Robert Legg Dave Durgin
In memory of Dale Earnhardt

5. EMCH 367 Projects
Guided Autonomous Vehicle
David Butts Thomas Tisdale

6. Projects – Summer 2000 Peter James
CD-Bot : Searching light and avoiding objects
Peter James

7. Projects – Summer 2000
CD-Bot : IR detection
Peter James

8. Outline  Vibration Monitoring Enhancement Program (VMEP)
Mechatronics – Micro-controllers Education
 Vibration Monitoring Enhancement Program (VMEP)
E/M Impedance Structural Health Monitoring
Wave Propagation Non-destructive Evaluation
Smart Materials Actuation

9. VMEP Roadmap US ARMY NC, KY, MS-ARNG SC-ARNG AASF AMCOM RITA IAC
VMEP/VMU SYSTEM PROTOTYPE BETA TESTING AT SCARNG
SC-ARNG AASF
UH-60
AH-64
O&S Cost Benefit Analysis
Raw Data
USC Data Repository
Raw Vibration Data
Crew Chief’s Laptop
RT&B Vibration Management
Condition Indicators
Crew Chief’s Laptop
VPROCs
AMPs
HUMS Vibration Monitoring
RT&B and HUMS CI’s
Diagnostics and Prognostics
Parts and Maintenance
Logistics Maintenance Data
R&R VMU/VMEP Integrity
ULLS-A
AMCOM
RITA
VMEP data must be:
Catalogued
Time/aircraft synchronized
Accessible and retrievable
IAC
VMU

10. SCARNG Vibration Management Enhancement Program (VMEP)
A partnership has been established to conduct enhanced implementation of the VMEP project and experimentally identify life-cycle cost savings and benefits.

11. AVA System
© 2000 by SC-ARNG

12. AVA RT&B Procedure Initial vibration patterns at various speeds
Vibration reduction after RT&B correction
© 2000 by SC-ARNG

13. VMEP Hardware-Software
Smart Rotor Smoothing Algorithms
Engine Vibration Health Monitoring
Vibration Management Unit (VMU)
Gear and Drive
Train Monitoring
Light-weight low-cost data acquisition and processing unit (COTS components), with easily upgradeable open architecture hardware and software
© 2000 by SC-ARNG

14. VMEP RT&B Tests

15. USC-VMEP Data Repository
ULLS-A (tapes)
MATLAB (www)
Engineering & Info. Tech.
Data Repository
Teradata computer
Math Statistics
Bio Statistics
RITA-HUMS (www)
AVA (Kermit)

16. AH-64 Drive-train Vibration Survey
Tail Rotor Gearbox
Hanger Bearing
Main Transmission
Input and Accessory
Nose Gearbox
T700 Engine
Intermediate Gearbox

17. Outline  E/M Impedance Structural Health Monitoring
Mechatronics – Micro-controllers Education
Vibration Monitoring Enhancement Program (VMEP)
 E/M Impedance Structural Health Monitoring
Wave Propagation Non-destructive Evaluation
Smart Materials Actuation

18. Health Monitoring of Aging Aircraft Structures
Local-area health monitoring of a helicopter rotor blade. Giurgiutiu, et al (1997)
AGING!
Damage due to aging
All of us are customers of commercial airlines and our major concern is flight safety. A new insitu non destructive technologies based on utilization of piezoelectric active sensors are elaborated to address online health monitoring of vital aircraft parts such as fuselage and wing junctions or engine turbo blades.
Active piezoelectric sensors on an engine blade
Aging aircraft panel with simulated crack

19. E/M Impedance Method Results by Giurgiutiu, Turner, 1998
The piezoelectric active sensors utilized for E/M impedance method was successfully employed in health monitoring of bolted joint. Due to electro-mechanical coupling, piezoelectric active sensor was able to monitor the dynamic stiffness of a host structure. The stiffness was modified by loosing the bold joint. The complex impedance then was gathered with Impedance Analyzer and processed later with PC to create a damage metric on a simple red, yellow, and green scale. In our example Root Mean Square (RMS) values of Impedance change below 20% correspond to green light which mean normal operational conditions, between 20% and 40% yellow light and above 40% RMS Impedance change correspond to red light which means failure.
Results by Giurgiutiu, Turner, 1998

20. Outline  Wave Propagation Non-destructive Evaluation
Mechatronics – Micro-controllers Education
Vibration Monitoring Enhancement Program (VMEP)
E/M Impedance Structural Health Monitoring
 Wave Propagation Non-destructive Evaluation
Smart Materials Actuation

21. Wave Propagation Theories Study
Waves in solid were studied
Waveform visualization
Wave speed dispersion
Lamb wave – symmetric mode
Lamb wave – anti-symmetric mode
Active sensor wave propagation technique is a relatively new method for in-situ nondestructive evaluation (NDE). Elastic waves propagating in material carry the information of defects. These information can be extracted by analyzing the signals picked up by active sensors. Due to the physical property of wave propagation, large area can be interrogated by a few transducers. This simplifies the process of detecting and characterizing defects.
To apply this method, efficient numerical modeling is required to predict signal amplitude and time history of elastic wave scattering and diffraction. In order to construct the model, good understanding of these physical phenomena must be achieved. The wave propagation theory was studied in the Lamss lab. several types of elastic waves that exist in solid materials were considered, and the wave speed frequency curves were generated. To achieve further understanding of waves, the waveforms was visualized in mathematics software.

22. Embedded piezoelectric active sensor development
PZT wafer transducers on beam specimen
Wave propagation experiment at different frequencies
Wave speed – Frequency curve
Experiments were conducted on an aluminum beam. The specimen was made from aircraft grade sheet aluminum 2024 alloy, 1.6 mm thick. Piezoelectric active sensors were installed on both sides. One pair of the active sensors were excited with short burst of constant frequency signal, the response of the beam was collected from other sensors. Experiments were conducted at various frequencies, and the wave speed dispersion curve was generated.

23. Experiment on aircraft panels
PZT wafer transducers array on aircraft panel
Wave analysis
Wave propagation experiments were also conducted on realistic aircraft panel specimens with a number of PZT active sensors affixed on it at various locations. Constant-frequency 10 kHz wave bursts were sent by the transmitter active sensor, and the response was collected at seven active-sensor receptors placed at various x-y locations. The transmission and reception time signals are shown here. It is apparent that the arrival time is consistent with the distance from the transmitter active sensor to the receptor active sensor. The larger the distance, the larger the time delay.
This proves that the emitter-receptor damage detection is viable and implementable. Also significant to mention is that the #5, #6, and #7 active-sensor receptors are not in line with the active-sensor transmitter. This verifies the assertion, that the elastic waves generated by the transmitter, propagate in a circular front, and open the opportunity for the implementation of phase-array beam steering concepts to be explored in future experiments.

24. Development of Concepts for Automatic Health Monitoring System
The future of such sensing is conceptualized as integrated part of real structures and could be compared with nervous systems of living organisms, so that the active sensors will “feel” the structure and provide a feedback in terms of information on the structural health.
The future development of a Health Monitoring System allows wireless data transmitting from data clusters situated at the vital areas of a structure into central health monitoring station via data concentrators. When the data was analyzed the information about structural health is displayed on a structure’s model on a green, yellow, red scale for user convenience. The goal of the development is to approach the concepts of nervous systems used by living organisms.
Wireless health monitoring system on board of civil aircraft

25. Outline Smart Materials Actuation
Mechatronics – Micro-controllers Education
Vibration Monitoring Enhancement Program (VMEP)
E/M Impedance Structural Health Monitoring
Wave Propagation Non-destructive Evaluation
Smart Materials Actuation

26. Smart Materials
Smart material
Applied field 
Upon the application of an external field, the material expands or contracts.
Smart (active, intelligent, adaptive) materials: - piezoelectric materials  electric field - magnetostrictive materials  magnetic field - shape memory alloys  temperature
Applications:- space technology rotorcraft and aircraft industry sonar technology vibration and noise reduction

27. Characterization of the PiezoSystems Jena PAHL120/20 piezoelectric actuator
Displacement (mm)
Force (N)
External stiffness
Coupled electro-mechanical behavior of PAHL 120/20
Manufacturer: PiezoSystems Jena
Model # : PAHL120/20
Maximum voltage (V): 150
Max. displ. (mm): 120
Blocked force (N): 3500
Capacitance (mF): 42
Actuator
Voltage ke ki
Force, Displacement

28. Impedance measurements on the ETREMA AA140J130 Magnetostrictive actuator
Etrema actuator RE LE R
URE UR
ULE UT
Measured : UT, UR, delay (phase) between UT and UR
Impedance analyzer ~0V PhAngle method 23.0V PhAngle method 34.5V PhAngle method 46.4V PhAngle method 58.6V
Frequency (Hz)
Impedance (Ohms)
Manufacturer: Etrema Inc.
Model # : AA –140J013
Maximum current (A RMS): 3
Max. displ. (mm): 70
Max. dynamic force (N): 890
Blocked force (N): 1740
DC Resistance (W): 2.3
Inductance (mH): 3.5
Electric impedance change with current and frequency

29. Summary Mechatronics – Micro-controllers Education
Vibration Monitoring Enhancement Program (VMEP)
E/M Impedance Structural Health Monitoring
Wave Propagation Non-destructive Evaluation
Smart Materials Actuation