1. Taxonomy of Marine Organisms
Whale Watch
Workshop III
March 20th
2:45-3:45 pm
Mr. Law
video 2
video

4. Taxonomy the science of classification
KINGDOM
Animal
Plantae
PHYLUM
Arthropod
Chordate
Phaephyta
CLASS
Crustacea
Mammalia
Phaeophycae
ORDER
Decapod
Thoracica
Cetacea
Fucales
FAMILY
Astacidae
Balanidae
Delphinidae
Fucaceae
GENUS
Homarus
Balanus
Orcinus
Fucus
SPECIES
americanus
balanoides
orca
vesiculosus

6. Microscopic Organisms
“I will rule the world!”
Microscopic Organisms
The ocean is full of microscopic life
Free-floating organisms are called “plankton”
Producers are called “phytoplankton”
Consumers are called “zooplankton”

8. Phytoplankton - dinoflagellates
Kingdom- Protista
algal blooms cause the “Red Tide” which poisons shellfish and humans (PSP)

9. dinoflagellate- Pfiesteria
a dinoflagellate known as Pfiesteria causes these skin ulcers and cause massive death among fish
Pfiesteria can stun fish and then prey on fluids
Outbreaks are caused by eutrophication of coastal waters

10. Phytoplankton- diatoms
Kingdom- Protista
Diatoms live in glass houses made of silica
like tiny greenhouses:-}
Diatoms store oil drops to increase buoyancy
Contain flagella for locomotion

11. Phytoplankton Coccolithophores Extremely small Flagellated
Shells made of CaCO3
Silicoflagellates
Very small w/internal glass skeleton

12. Zooplankton Zooplankton are animal drifters that consume phytoplankton
They are the primary consumers of the aquatic ecosystem
Macroscopic plankton

13. Microscopic Zooplankton- Foraminfera (forams)
Mostly marine
Porous multichambered shells of CaCO3
Pseudopods extend thru shells for motion thru sediments
90% extinct
Excellent indicator fossils

14. Zooplankton- Radiolarians
Actinopods
have cytoskeletal projections which increase surface area and aid in catching prey
They also have glass shells

16. Phaeophyta “brown algae”
Multicellular Protists (not plants)
Largest group of kelp plants called “sea weed”
Include Macrocystis
Sargassum, Fucus
Holdfasts anchor the plant to rocks and substratum while air bladders support upright toward sunlight

17. Life cycle of Laminaria

18. Ascophyllum vs Fucus “knotted wrack” “rockweed”

19. Protists- Rhodophyta “red algae”
Contain the red pigment called phycoerythrin
Irish moss (Chondrus)
Red algae live in deeper water
Coralline algae of coral reefs

20. Chlorophyta- “green algae”
The ancestor to modern plants was a green algae
only algae w/chlorophyll b like modern plants
Examples: Ulva
Codium, Acetabularia

21. Codium- invasive species
Codium grows very quickly on everything and causes problems for many shellfish

23. Animal Phyla

24. Sponges- “absorbent and yellow and porous is he”
music
Sponges- “absorbent and yellow and porous is he”

25. Phylum Porifera- porous animals
Lack true tissues (Parazoa)
Lack symmetery
Filter feeders that digest intracellularly

26. Cnidaria- sac-like , tentacles, radial symmetry and stingers

28. Hydrozoan Life cycle of Obelia

29. Cnidarians have stinging tentacles
Include corals and anemones (anthozoa), jellies (scyphozoa), and hydras (hydrozoa)
Radial symmetry
Cnidocyst stinging cells on tentacles
Nerve net
Gastrovascular cavity

30. Anthozoa- coral animals

31. Anthozoa- sea anemone

32. Scyphozoa- jelly fish
video

33. Phylum Platyhelminthes- “flatworms” (20,000 species)
Planaria (Turbularia)
Also tapeworms (Cestoidea); flukes (Trematoda)
many parasitic
Gastrovascular cavity, 2 way digestion
Bilateral acoelomate

34. Marine Flatworms Class Turbellaria: marine flatworms Free-living
crawl by ventral cilia and some swim by undulating motion
Carnivores and scavengers

35. A Parasitic Flatworm The Blood Fluke
Ugly flatworm!
Autstrobilharzia variglandis causes “swimmer’s itch”
The primary host should be a duck or gull but could be you!

36. Phylum- Nemertea “Ribbon worms”
Live in mud flats with clams
May be 90cm long 2cm wide
Have a long proboscis which catches prey

37. Phylum- Nematoda “round worms”
The most abundant worms in marine sediments
Pointed at both ends
Move in an erratic whip-like motion

38. Phylum- Annelidia “segmented worms”
“little rings”
15,000 species of segmented worms
Include earthworms, leeches and polycheaetes

39. Nereis a polycheaete sandworm
clamworm
Nereis a polycheaete sandworm
video
An annelid with paddle-gills called parapodia and bristles called chaetae
The “clam worm”
A predatory worm that burrows in the sand and attacks prey with powerful jaws

40. Phylum Rotifera “wheel animals”
1800 species
Rotifers are much more complex than flatworms
Complete digestive tract
A crown of cilia draws food into mouth
May reproduce by parthenogenesis

41. Phylum Bryozoa “moss animals”
5000 species
Colonial animals that secrete exoskeleton and build reefs
Among the most widespread sessile organisms of the sea
Feed with a lophophore that resembles a tongue with tentacles

42. Phylum Brachiopoda “lampshells”
Also Lophophorates
Have a hinged shell that resembles a clam
Unlike clams however, these shells are top and bottom
Some attach to objects others root into the sediments with a peduncle

43. Phylum Mollusca 150,000 species
Clam (bivalve), snail (gastropod), octopus (cephalopod)
Defined by a mantle layer, visceral mass, and single muscular foot
Mantle produces calcareous shell in most

44. Gastropoda “Periwinkles”
75% of mollusks are gastropods
Littorina occupy the highest part of the intertidal zone
They graze on algae
Feed with radula; breathe with gills

45. Phylum- Gastropoda The “moon snail” Lives in sandy bottom depths
Oversized foot captures a clam
A toothed radula digs a hole and sucks out the clam

46. Phylum Gastropoda “Whelks”
video
* The whelk, or conch (say “konk”) is a large predatory snail
The egg case of a whelk

47. Phylum Gastropoda A “Limpet”
Snails with flattened shells
Slipper shells are all born male
Sessile filter feeders
The limpets on the bottom will become female and be fertilized by the smaller males on top
male
female

48. Nudibranchs sea slugs Sea slugs graze on hydroids and algae
Some slugs can eat anemones and then use the nematocysts for their own defense

49. Phylum Molluska Class Bivalvia
The 2 shells of a clam are called “valves”
There is a right and left valve
gills filter suspended food from the water

50. A tide pool clump of mussels
Some mussels produce byssal threads (the “beard”) that attach them to rocks, docks, even each other.

51. Phylum Molluska Class Bivalvia
Many bivalves burrow into the sand
Bivalves can move using their muscular “foot”
A siphon (“neck”) can be extended from mud to the water for food

52. Hard shell clam Quahog Also known as “little neck”
video
Also known as
“little neck”
Move in the sand with a muscular foot
Chowder clam
Native Americans used quahog shells for money (wampum)

53. Life cycle of a Quahog

54. Phylum Molluska Class Bivalvia
A scallop (yummy!)
Scallops have many blue “eyes”
Scallops can move quickly when they sense danger by quickly closing their shells for propulsion
Baby scallops depend on Spartina (eel grass) for support

55. Oysters
Baby oysters grow on the backs of others forming large colonies

56. Phylum Molluska Class Polyplacophora
A chiton
Shell has 8 segments
A strong muscular foot to hold onto rocks
Trying to remove a chiton may kill it
Adapted to withstand the force of waves
Herbivores, grazers

57. Phylum Molluska Class Cephalopods
Include octopuses, squids, and nautiluses
Cephalopods- “head foot”; shell is lost in some (not nautilus)
Smart, fast and predatory
tentacles and beak-like mouth
mantle cavity functions as siphon for locomotion
shark vs. octopus

58. Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Molluska
Class: Cephalopod
Name: Squidward Tentacles
Hobbies: playing clarinet

59. Phylum Arthropoda Arthropoda- “jointed feet”
> 1 million species; 2 out of 3 animals is an arthropod
Exoskeleton w/jointed appendages
Include insecta, arachnida, crustaceans

60. Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea
Isopods have seven pairs of equal legs and flat bodies 
Amphipods have both swimming and walking legs and have flat sides

61. Krill
The baleen whale’s favorite food
video

62. Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea
Very abundant accounting for 95% of all zooplankton
The most important primary consumer in the marine food chain
copepods

63. Phylum Arthropoda Class Decopoda
Decopoda means “ten feet”
Include lobsters, crabs, and shrimp
 the green crab can be found living among sea weed at low tide
a kelp crab

64. Libinia The spider crab

65. Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Decopoda
Name: Eugene Krab
Hobbies: eating dead stuff
(oh yeah, and making $)

66. Phylum Arthropoda Class Merostomata
The horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus)
Under the full moon at high tide the male hitches a ride on the back of the female
They will deposit fertilized eggs high in the intertidal zone
At 2 weeks old the young crabs grow a tail called the “telson”

67. Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea
The acorn barnacle
Balanus
Sessile crustaceans
Filter feeders
Good examples of commensalism and competition!

68. Barnacles on whales commensalism +,o
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

69. Competition Balanus vs. Chthamalus
Chthamalus resists drying out better so lives higher in intertidal zone
Balanus is “stronger” so dominates the preferred lower zone

70. Echinodermata Include sea stars, sea urchins, brittle stars,
sand dollars,
sea lilies,
and sea cucumbers

71. Phylum- Echinodermata
Echinoderm- “spiny skin”
bony endoskelton of CaCO3 plates (ossicles)
A unique water vascular system and tube feet function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange
7000 species all marine

72. Sea Urchin anatomy

73. sea star eating All echinoderms exhibit pentaradial symmetry
Sea stars are predators of bivalves

74. Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Asteroidea
Name: Patrick Star
Hobbies: regenerating

75. A Marine Food Web

76. video