1. SoS, Dept. of Biology, Lautoka Campus
BIO508 Cell Biology
Slide Design: Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC.
Lecturer: Dr.Ramesh Subramani
Topic 1: Introduction to Cell Biology

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES To understand basic science in CELL BIOLOGY.
Comprehend the way in which molecules of a cell cooperate to create a system that feeds, moves, grows, divides and respond to stimuli.
Be acquainted with the core concepts of cell biology in considerable depth.

3. WHAT IS EXPECTED ON ME UPON COMPLETING THIS UNIT BIO508

4. You are EXPECTED to…
Acquire essential information of cell biology concepts that will help you to understand other biology subjects.
Identify the cellular structure, function and dysfunction ultimately result from specific macromolecules interactions.
Apply the concepts of cell biology using human and plant as example.

5. CELL BIOLOGY Student Learning Time (SLT)
Lecture: 36 Hours
Tutorials : 12 Hours
Lab Practical : 30 Hours
- Short Test I and II (10% Each)
- Practical Exercise (25%)
- Assignment (5%)
This is open Book Examination

6. Assessment Methods & Types
Final examination: 50%
Passing marks: ↑ 40% (50 Marks in total- ‘C’)
Fail: 0-39% * refer to university rules & regulation handbook
Teamwork & participation

7. STUDY TIPS Study smart vs study hard Active learning
Student centered learning

8. Excels in Cell Biology Understand and memorize.
Enjoy the fascinating of GOD creation, the cell with ‘W’ types of questions.
Be prepared before coming to lectures, do your own research.
You are suppose to be responsible for your studies not the lecturer, they only guide you.
Power points note is for your reference not for you to depend on, and you are not suppose to give power point answer scheme during examination.
Time investment.

9. Classroom Rules Arrive on class time
Turn off your mobile phones (or keep them on silent mode)
Do not chat with your neighbours unnecessarily
Avoid any disruptive behaviour

10. BIOLOGY?
Biology (from Greek βίος, bios, "life"; -λογία, -logia, study of) is the science that studies living organisms
Biochemistry
Botany
Molecular biology
Zoology
Cellular Biology
Microbiology
Cell Physiology 10

11. CELL BIOLOGY
Cell biology (formerly cytology, from the Greek kytos, "container").
Cell properties/ physiology
Cell + Biology = Cell Biology
Bio + logy = Biology
Structure
Organelles
Interaction with the environments 11

12. Cell is structural and functional unit of all living organism

13. The cell is the structural unit of life
All organism is make up of cells 13

14. Eggs are giant cells
Some are more giant than others. This is a replica of the egg from an Elephant Bird Egg Aepyornis maximus
It became extinct around 400 years ago. They were found on Madagascar, Africa.
This egg is 15 times the bulk of an Ostrich egg and is believed to be the largest egg that has ever existed.
The brown egg is a chicken egg.
The tiny white one is a hummingbird, the smallest bird that lives on our planet today.

15. Egghead
A man poses with the alleged largest egg in the world during a photocall in central London. The egg was laid in the early 17th century, by the now extinct Great Elephant Bird of Madagascar.

16. Elephant Bird This was what we believe the elephant bird looked like!
They had eggs, up to three feet in circumference. They were the eggs of a bird that would later come to be known as the Elephant Bird, or Vouron Patra (Aepyornis maximus).
The eggs that the Elephant Bird laid were larger than the largest dinosaur eggs, and, in fact some researchers calculated that they were as large as a structurally functional egg could possibly be the largest single cells to have ever existed on Earth.
The flightless bird grew to around ten or eleven feet tall, and is estimated to have weighed up to 1100 pounds. By comparison, a BIG Ostrich will go eight feet and 300 pounds.
Only the largest of the New Zealand Moas were taller, some reaching thirteen feet, but they weren't as massively built.
All were extinct by 1700.

17. What is the Cell, Cell Theory & How was it developed??
What the following quote tells us about the origin of new life?
Fireflies rise from the morning dew
Fish and frogs from a muddy stew
Maggot worms from rotting meat
Mice shall come from sweat and wheat

18. Spontaneous Generation
the belief that living things can come from non-living things.
Was once thought to be true, but is now known to be false!
How was it disproved?
The following scientists with their combined experiments proved the theory of spontaneous generation to be false & helped develop the Cell Theory.

19. Francesco Redi? (1668)
Scientist whose experiments proved maggots did not come from rotting meat.

20. The Discovery of Cells Robert Hooke (1665) – first to see cells!
designed microscope that he was able to view cork cells with (1665).
Named “Cells” because they look like Little Boxs.

21. The Discovery of Cells
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (mid 1600’s) – first to see living cells.
Improved design, and was able to view red blood cells and bacteria.
First person observed microorganisms in pond water
Called them as "Animalcules"

22. Scientists of Cell Theory
Theodore Schwann – zoologist who observed that the tissues of animals had cells (1839).
Cheek cells
Amphibian Blood

23. Scientists of Cell Theory
Mattias Schleiden – botanist who observed that the tissues of plants had cells (1845).
Onion cells
Elodea (waterweeds) cells
Cork cells

24. Scientists of Cell Theory
Rudolf Virchow – reported that every living thing is made up of cells, and that these cells must come from other cells.

25. The Cell Theory
The COMBINED work of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow make up the CELL THEORY.

26. The Cell Theory 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
Unicellular organism
Multi-cellular organisms

27. The Cell Theory
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms.
The same type of cells make tissue
The same type of tissue make an organ
The organs doing the same type of job make an organ system
Many organ systems make an organism

28. The Cell Theory
3. All cells come from preexisting cells

29. 1. Basic Properties of Cells
Life is the most basic property of cells.
Cells can grow and reproduce in culture for extended periods.
HeLa cells are cultured tumor cells isolated form a cancer patient (Henrietta Lacks) by George Gey in 1951.
Cultured cells are an essential tool for cell biologists.

30. 2. Basic Properties of Cells
Cells Are Highly Complex and Organized
Cellular processes are highly regulated.
Cells from different species share similar structure, composition and metabolic features that have been conserved throughout evolution.

31. 3. Basic Properties of Cells
Cells Posses a Genetic Program and the Means to Use It
Genes encode information to build each cell, and the organism.
Genes encode information for cellular reproduction, activity, and structure.

32. 4. Basic Properties of Cells
Cells Are Capable of Producing More of Themselves
Cells reproduce, and each daughter cells receives a complete set of genetic instructions.

33. 5. Basic Properties of Cells
Cells Acquire and Utilize Energy
Plant cells derive energy from the products of photosynthesis, mainly in the form of glucose.
Cell can convert glucose into ATP—a substance with readily available energy.

34. 6. Basic Properties of Cells
Cells Acquire and Utilize Energy
Cells Carry Out a Variety of Chemical Reactions
Cells Engage in Mechanical Activities
Cells Are Able to Respond to Stimuli

35. 7. Basic Properties of Cells
Cells Are Capable of Self-Regulation
Cells will Evolve

36. Cell Diversity
Cells within the same organism show Enormous Diversity in:
Size
Shape
Internal Organization

37. Cell Size
Female Egg - largest cell in the human body; seen without the aid of a microscope
Most cells are visible only with a microscope

38. Cell Size
Frog or fish egg are the largest individual cells easily visible, approx. 1mm diameter
Human or sea urchin egg, approx. 100 micron (µ) diameter
Typical somatic cell, approx. 20 micron diameter
Plant cells are larger, approx. 30 x 20 micron
Bacteria are smaller, approx. 2 x 1 micron

39. Cells are small for 2 Reasons
Reason I:
Limited in size by the ratio between their Outer Surface Area and Their Volume. 
A small cell has more surface area than a large cell for a given volume of cytoplasm. 

40. Surface-to-Volume Ratio
The life of a cell depends on exchanges of materials with the environment.
Movement of of all these materials takes place through the cell’s surface.
The larger a cell’s volume, the greater the amount of material to be exchanged.
Since this exchange depends on the cell’s surface area, the surface-to-volume ratio imposes limits on cell size.

41. Surface Area and Volume
Surface area of a sphere = 4r2
Volume of a sphere = (4/3) r3
So as a sphere gets bigger, its volume increases faster than its surface area

42. Geometric relationships explain why most cells are microscopic

43. Cells are small for 2 Reasons
Reason II:
The cell's nucleus (the brain) can only control a certain amount of living, active cytoplasm.

44. Cell Shape Diversity of form reflects a diversity of function.
The shape of a cell depends on its function. 

45. Cell Types
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell

46. Two Fundamentally Different Classes of Cells
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic are distinguished by their size and type of organelles.
Prokaryotes are all bacteria, which arose ~3.7 billion years ago.
Eukaryotes include protists, animals, plants and fungi.

47. Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

48. Endosymbiotic Hypothesis
Endosymbiotic theory is an evolutionary theory that explains the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes.
According to this theory, mitochondria, plastids (for example chloroplasts), and possibly other organelles representing formerly free-living bacteria (prokaryotes) were taken inside another cell as an endosymbiont around 1.5 billion years ago.
Evidence:
New mitochondria and plastids are formed only through a process similar to binary fission. Binary fission is the form of cell division used by bacteria and archaea.
Some mitochondria and some plastids contain single circular DNA molecules that are similar to the DNA of bacteria both in size and structure.
Transport proteins called porins are found in the outer membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts and are also found in bacterial cell membranes.
Many genes in the genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts have been lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host cell. Consequently, the chromosomes of many eukaryotes contain genes that originated from the genomes of mitochondria and plastids.

49. The First Cells
The first life forms on Earth were likely single-celled prokaryotic organisms.
Prokaryotic organisms are single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus.
Their DNA is usually floating freely inside the cell.
Prokaryotic cells do not have any membrane bound organelles.

50. Cellular Diversity: Cells may be categorized based on their complexity
Two major classes of cells based on complexity of intracellular organization:
Prokaryotes (no nuclear envelope)
Eukaryotes (nuclear envelope)

51. Classification of Cells

52. Prokaryotic Cells No membrane bound nucleus
Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
Organelles not bound by membranes

53. Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus bound by membrane
Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells
Possess many organelles
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Centrioles
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Cell membrane
Contain DNA
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton

54. The structure of Plant cell

55. The structure of Animal cell

56. Life on Mars?
Magnified view of objects in Martian meteorite found in Antarctica. (Archaeabacteria?)

57. Difference between Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic Cells

58. Acknowledgements… Any Questions??
The teaching material used in this lecture is taken from: JB Reece, LA Urry, ML Cain, SA Wasserman, PV Minorsky and RB Jackson Campbell Biology (9th Edition), Publisher Pearson is gratefully acknowledged.
Some information presented in this power point lecture presentation is collected from various sources including Google, Wikipedia, research articles and some book chapters from various biology books. Material and figures used in this presentation are gratefully acknowledged. This material is collected and presented only for teaching purpose.
Any Questions??
Dr.Ramesh Subramani, Assistant Professor in Biology