1. Classification

2. Taxonomy Damselfish Kalimantan jungle toad
2.5 million kinds of organisms and an est. 20 million unknown species on Earth.
Biologists must classify them with other organisms that have similar characteristics
Taxonomy: branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics
Aristotle was the first to classify organisms
plants and animals
Damselfish
Kalimantan jungle toad

3. Linnaeus’s System
Carolus Linnaeus developed a more specific grouping of organisms
Based on seven different levels of organization

4. King Philip Can Order Free Gum Samples
Large to small:
Kingdom – Largest
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species – the smallest grouping that contains a single organism type

5. Classification is based on similarity
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Country
State
City
Street
House
Last name
First name

9. Binomial Nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus ( )
Developed a naming system called binomial nomenclature to name each organism on Earth
Binomial nomenclature – two-name naming system
Nomenclature
(system of naming)
Binomial
(2) (names)

10. Binomial Nomenclature
The scientific name of an organism has two parts
Genus - capital letters and italicized
Species – italicized
Ex. Homo sapiens
Homo is our genus
sapiens is our species

11. Binomial Nomenclature
Species
Smallest group in biological classification
Members can inter-breed with each other, and produce fertile offspring
Genus species
Felis cattus house cat
Felis concolor mountain lion
Homo sapien humans

12. Ursus Americanus
Ursus Arctos
Ursus Maritimus

13. Why Binomial Nomenclature?
Why don't scientists use a common name like dogs instead of Canis familaris?
1. Some common names describe more than one
species (there are several species of finches)
2. Some species have more than one common name (In
England, corn is called maize)
3. With binomial nomenclature, scientists from around
the world can discuss a species in a common language

14. The Six Kingdoms
Organisms are grouped into six kingdoms based on their fundamental characteristics
Morphology: the study of these characteristics
Includes the internal and external appearance of an organism.

15. Dichotomous Keys
A series of paired choices that ultimately leads to the identification of a species
Helps to organize and identify species

18. The Six Kingdoms

19. Vocab Review Unicellular- one celled organism
Multicellular- many celled organism
Prokaryotic- simple, one strand of DNA, no nucleus, cytoplasm (ex: most bacteria)
Eukaryotic- all cell organelles, nucleus with double stranded DNA, more complex
Autotroph - organisms that make their own food: photosynthesis.
Heterotroph - organisms that cannot make their own food so they feed on other organisms or organic waste for energy.

20. Archaebacteria Archae means Ancient Prokaryotic Unicellular Cell Walls
Autotrophic (chemosynthesis) and heterotrophic
Live in harsh conditions
Hot springs, salty lakes, anaerobic situations, acidic environments

21. Some grow in ocean
depths near volcanic
vents (extremely high temps)

22. Eubacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Cell Wall
Autotrophic and heterotropic
Mostly aerobic
Most common life form
These are the common bacteria that affect your life (cause tooth decay, turn milk to yogurt)
E. Coli

23. Protista Eukaryotic Uni- and multicellular
Autotrophic and heterotrophic
Every eukaryotic organism that is not a fungus, plant, or animal is considered a Protist (approx. 50,000 species)
Wide variety of life forms
Ex: algae, amoeba, paramecium
Paramecium

24. Chlorophyta

25. Fungi Eukaryotic Uni- and multicellular Heterotrophic (absorb food)
Over 100,000 species
Ex. Mushrooms, mildew,
mold, yeast

26. Foot Fungus!!!

27. Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Cell Walls
Autotrophic (photosynthetic)
Reproduction via meiosis
350,000 species
Ex. Ferns, mosses, conifers

28. Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic (ingest food)
Reproduction via meiosis
Symmetrical bodies
Mobile in their
environment

29. Creepy Crawler Dichotomous Keys
Find one characteristic that splits the species in half
Only work with one group until all are identified

30. Example 1a. If the organism has legs…..go to ??
1b. If the organism doesn’t have legs…go to 2
2a. If the organism has a fanned neck…..Grapus cobrius
2b. If the organism doesn’t have a fanned neck….go to 3
3a. If the organism is green and yellow…..Greenwus demonus
3b. If the organism is cyan….Skyer bluius
4a.

31. Cladograms
Cladogram- branching diagram that shows an evolutionary relationship among groups of organisms
Cladograms help scientists understand the course of evolution

33. Cladistics
Cladistics: Analysis of the evolution of new characteristics
Derived Characteristics: Unique characteristic that defines a group of organisms

34. Derived Characteristics
Examples
2 arms and 2 legs
Warm blooded
Feathers
Hair
Backbone

38. 1. The jaw bone feature is an example of what? a. a molecular clock
3. What feature do the wolf and the turtle share, that the other organisms do not?
a. hair
b. vertebral column
c. amniotic eggs
d. four legged locomotion
4. The grouper's oldest ancestor is what organism?
a. lancelet
b. wolf
c. salamader
d. lamprey
5. What organism does not have a vetebral column?
a. lamprey
b. lancelet
c. grouper
d. turtle
1. The jaw bone feature is an example of what?
a. a molecular clock
b. a derived character
c. a scientific name
d. a kingdom
2. The wolf is most recently related to what organism?
a. salamader
b. lancelet
c. turtle
d. grouper

39. DNA
DNA comparisons are also used to show how closely related organisms are
The more similar the DNA sequences, the more closely related (common ancestry)
DNA marks the passage of evolutionary time
A molecular clock uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently (i.e. how long ago the species split)

41. Sources