2. Nuclear Power Group Members:
1. Wasiullah(150603) 2. Hassan Masood(150654) 3. Roshaan Ahmed(150663) 4. Fahad Nadeem Chaudhary(150666) 5. Muhammad Temur Ahmad Latif(150708)

3. Nuclear Power:
A form of energy produced by an atomic reaction, capable of producing an alternative source of electrical power to that supplied by coal, gas, or oil. A nuclear reactor, formerly known as atomic pile, is a device used to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction.

4. World Overview:
All parts of the world are involved in nuclear power development, and a few examples follow. China:
The Chinese government plans to increase nuclear generating capacity to 58 GWe with 30 GWe more under construction by China has completed construction and commenced operation of 20 new nuclear power reactors over , and some 30 new reactors are either under construction or likely to be so by mid-2015.

5. India:
India’s target is to have 14.5 GWe nuclear capacity on line by 2020 as part of its national energy policy. These reactors include light- and heavy water reactors as well as fast reactors. In addition to the 21 on line, six power reactors are under construction.

6. Russia:
Russia plans to increase its nuclear capacity to 30.5 GWe by 2020, using its world-class light water reactors. A large fast breeder unit has started up, the country's second, and development proceeds on others, aiming for significant exports.

7. United States:
In the USA, there are five reactors under construction, four of them new AP1000 designs. One of the reasons for the hiatus in new build in the USA to date has been the extremely successful evolution in maintenance strategies.

8. Pakistan A Nuclear Power:
Pakistan is the 7th nuclear weapon state and nuclear power. At present Pakistan has two nuclear reactors of 425 MW power to generate electricity. The third nuclear reactor will be operational in mid Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is responsible for all nuclear energy and research applications in the country.

9. Contd..

10. Civilian Nuclear Program:
Pakistan’s first nuclear reactor is a small(125MWe) Canadian pressurized heavy reactor(PHWR) which started up in 1971 and which is under international safeguards KANUPP near Karachi which is operated at reduced power.
The KANUPP-2 (1000MWe) and KANUPP-3 (1000MWe) are a part of Pakistan’s civilian nuclear program.
KANUPP is supplying power to KESC and is not controlled by National Power Control Center.

11. Nuclear Power Plants In Pakistan:
Chashma 3&4 :
In June 2008 the government announced plans to build units 3&4 at Chashma, each 320 MWe gross and largely financed by China. A further agreement for China's help with the project was signed in October 2008, and given prominence as a counter to the US-India agreement shortly preceding it.

12. Chashma 5:
In November 2010 the PAEC is reported to have signed a construction agreement with China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) for a fifth unit at Chashma. In February 2013 a further agreement was signed by PAEC with CNNC for a 1000 MWe unit at Chashma.

13. Karachi coastal power project:
In June 2013 the Planning Commission said that two CNNC 1000 MWe class reactors would be used for Karachi 2 and 3 (KANUPP 2&3) near Karachi unit 1. Two coastal sites had been under consideration for the twin 1100 MWe units.

14. Further Nuclear Capacity:
In August 2011, it was reported that Pakistan aimed for 8000 MWe nuclear at ten sites by PAEC has apparently selected six new sites on the basis of the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) advice.

15. Fuel Cycle:
The government has set a target of producing 350 tonnes U3O8 per year from 2015 to meet one-third of anticipated requirements then. Low-grade ore is known in central Punjab at Bannu Basin and Suleman Range.

16. Nuclear Wastes:
The PAEC has responsibility for radioactive waste management. A Radioactive Waste Management Fund is proposed in a new policy. Waste Management Centres are proposed for Karachi and Chashma. Used fuel is currently stored at each reactor in pools. Longer-term dry storage at each site is proposed. The question of future reprocessing remains open.

17. Regulation:
The Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA) is responsible for licensing and supervision, and regulates the safety and security of all civil nuclear materials and facilities. In respect to the Chashma reactors, and presumably also the Karachi Coastal Power project, it works closely with China's NNSA. It was formed in 2001.

18. Drawbacks of Nuclear Power:
Nuclear Accidents : While so many new technologies have been put in place to make sure that such disasters won’t happen again like the ones Chernobyl or more recently Fukushima but the risk associated with them are relatively high. Impact on Aquatic Life : Eutrophication is another result of radioactive wastes. There are many seminars and conferences being held every year to look for a specific solution. But there is no outcome as of now. Reports say that radioactive wastes take almost 10,000 years to get back to the original form.

19. Major Impact on Human Life :
 High Cost :
Another practical disadvantage of using nuclear energy is that it needs a lot of investment to set up a nuclear power station. It is not always possible by the developing countries to afford such a costly source of alternative energy.
Major Impact on Human Life :
We all remember the disaster caused during the Second World War after the nuclear bombs were dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Even after five decades of the mishap, children are born with defects. This is primarily because of the nuclear effect. Do we have any remedy for this? The answer is still no.