1. Glimpses of Scientific Vision in Sri Guru Granth Sahib (SGGS)
Hardev Singh Virk
Visiting Professor SGGS World University, Fatehgarh Sahib (Punjab)

2. My fascination
I took fascination to this topic during a chance encounter with Mohan Singh Brarewale after his recital in Gurdwara Singh Sabha, Patiala in I learnt that the famous Hymn “ Arbad Narbad Dhudukara…….” of Sikh Cosmology is recorded in Maru Solhe Raga of Guru Nanak.
During 5th centenary celebration of Guru Nanak in Punjabi University, Patiala in 1969, I prepared a comprehensive Paper on Gurbani and Science, published in Khoj Patrika of Punjabi Univ. Patiala.

3. Literature Survey
Bhai Jodh Singh in “Gurmat Nirnay” refers to Theory of Relativity and its impact.
Sirdar Kapoor Singh wrote one essay “ Bahu Visthar” on Cosmological ideas in SGGS.
Dr AK Bag from UGC panel on History of Science refers to first use of term Soap (Japuji)
mUt plItI kpzu h]ie . w[ sabUNu leIA{ Xhu W]ie .
Dr RC Kapoor published a paper in Current Science (10 July) on Halley Comet based on Guru Nanak’s quote:
tara cizAa l;ma ikxu nwir inhailAa ram. (SGGS, M1, P. 1110)

4. Mural in Baba Atal showing Guru Nanak in Kurukshetra during Solar Eclipse (1507)

5. Magnified view of Baba Atal Mural

6. Painting from Sikandar Singh Bagrian

7. Scientific Revolution in Europe
The scientific revolution started with the discovery of Copernicus ( ) that earth and other planets revolve around the sun, thus, rejecting Ptolemy’s geocentric theory. Kepler ( ) used physical variables like place, time, distance and speed to formulate laws regarding the movement of planets. Galileo ( ), using his newly invented telescope, made significant celestial observations and conducted experiments on moving bodies. Newton ( ) discovered the laws of motion and law of gravity. Descartes ( ) presented the mechanistic worldview conceiving physical world as a giant machine. This epoch coincides with Guru period, from Guru Nanak to Guru Gobind Singh ( ), in History. Why we missed a scientific revolution in India?

8. My Motivation
Carl Sagan wrote in his book Pale Blue Dot (1994): “How is it that hardly any major religion has looked at science and concluded, ‘This is better than we thought! The Universe is much bigger than our prophets said, grander, more subtle, more elegant’?
“A religion old or new, that stressed the magnificence of the universe as revealed by modern science, might be able to draw forth reserves of reverence and awe hardly tapped by the conventional faiths. Sooner or later, such a religion will emerge.”
I wonder why Carl Sagan failed to discover that Guru Nanak founded such a religion in 15th century Punjab, which is compatible with modern science.

9. Science & Religion in search of Reality
According to Kapur Singh (Sikhism for Modern Man): There is no real antagonism between science and religion as religion implicates an activity which is independent of scientific activity and relates to a category of experience which is neither confirmed nor falsified by science.
Sikhism is essentially religion of Noumenon and differs from other religions in its approach to Reality.

10. Reality, Time and Mind
According to Henri Poincare: Time is primeval cause of the Universe; it creates the manifest space; time is mind and time is everything.
Logical thinking (based on senses) belongs to W-mind and Intuition belong to R-mind.
Intelligence, consciousness & logical thinking belong to W-mind. Mystical experience and Transcendental knowledge belong to R-mind.
Both Scientists and Mystics search for Reality but their methods are different, using W- and R-mind, respectively.

11. Harmony in Science and Religion
Natural Philosophy or Physical Science is a by-product of Spiritual science, called Religion.
Progress of Science resulted in a clash with religion in the Christian world and both got antagonised.
Advent of Special theory of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics resulted in a new era of Harmony between Science and Religion.
Unification ideas in Science will impact the future course of Spirituality/Religion at global level.

12. No antagonism between Science & Sikh Scripture
From our study of SGGS, we may conclude that the pursuit of learning about the cosmos by science or religion is not confrontational but complementary. Both approaches are valid in their own right and discipline.  
jgtu jl;wa riK l{ AapNI ikrpa Wair .
ijtu wuAar{ xubr{ itt{ l{hu xubair . (SGGS, M.3, p. 853)
The world is going up in flames - shower it with Your Mercy, and save it! Save it, and deliver it, by whatever method it takes. A seeker of Reality will be realized through whichever discipline one seeks. It is heartening to observe that the Western world is coming around the Sikh viewpoint in this regard.

13. Science moving towards Spirituality
Newtonian World View (3D) is based on Sense Experience; it considered Universe as a Machine and gave birth to Determinism.
Quantum world view and Relativity theory (4D) demolished it and created Uncertainty Principle, as a limit to knowledge of Universe.
Unified Field Mechanics (12D) is going to study Mind-Body Interface; nature of experience and role of Consciousness in Science. Roger Penrose talks of Physics and Consciousness in his books.

14. Vismad in Science and Gurbani
The Discoveries of Science emerge from the Sense of Wonder experienced by Scientists. A similar experience is narrated by Guru Nanak in his Bani:
ivsmawu naw ivsmawu v[w . ivsmawu jIA ivsmawu B[w . ivsmawu rUp ivsmawu r;g . ivsmawu nag[ iPrih j;t . ivsmawu pxuNu ivsmawu paNI . ivsmawu AgnI K[dih ivdaNI . ivsmawu WrtI ivsmawu KaNI . ivsmawu saiw lgih praNI . ivsmawu s;j]gu ivsmawu ivj]gu . ivsmawu BuK ivsmawu B]gu . ivsmawu isPit ivsmawu salah . ivsmawu xuJz ivsmawu rah . ivsmawu n[z{ ivsmawu wUir . ivsmawu w[K{ hajra hjUir . v[iK ivdaNu rihAa ivsmawu . nank buJNu pUr{ Baig .
Wonderful is the sound current of the Naad, wonderful is the knowledge of the Vedas. Wonderful are the beings, wonderful are the species. Wonderful are the forms, wonderful are the colors…….....
Wonderful is closeness, wonderful is distance. How wonderful to behold the Lord, ever-present here. Beholding His wonders, I am wonder-struck. O Nanak, those who understand this are blessed with perfect destiny.

15. Nature in Science and Gurbani
Science is the study of Nature. It was called Natural Philosophy.
Guru Nanak eulogizes Nature in its various manifestations: Nature is all that appears and hears, Nature is the world as seen, felt and appreciate. Nature is all the spaces, and Nature is totality of forms. Glory to Thee who dwelleth in Nature, Infinite and Eternal, Thy limits and frontiers are unknowable.
kuwrit iws{ kuwrit suNIA{ kuwrit Bxu suK saru . kuwrit patalI AakasI kuwrit srb Aakaru . kuwrit v[w puraN kt[ba kuwrit srb vIcaru . kuwrit KaNa pINa p{n\Nu kuwrit srb ipAaru . kuwrit jatI ijnsI r;gI kuwrit jIA jhan . kuwrit n[kIAa kuwrit bwIAa kuwrit manu AiBmanu . kuwrit pxuNu paNI b{s;tru kuwrit WrtI Kaku . sB t[rI kuwrit tU; kaiwru krta pakI naeI paku . nank hukm{ A;wir v[K{ vrt{ tak] taku .2.

16. Nature of Physical Reality
Newtonian mechanics gave birth to a mechanical philosophy of nature. It claimed that everything could be explained in terms of matter in motion and the interaction between the material particles. This meant that all things could be explained in terms of just four fundamental concepts: space, time, mass and force. A mechanistic worldview or the clockwork universe was the immediate consequence of Newtonian physics. The divine hand, having set it right in the beginning, left it undisturbed. There was not scope for divine intervention, chance and indeterminacy in a deterministic worldview. Reality can be known by using mathematical tools and all events become predictable in future.
The advent of special theory of relativity dealt a death blow to mechanical philosophy of nature.

17. A New Vision of Reality
Einstein’s theory of Relativity shows that our knowledge of Reality is not limited to sense perception, but it is often much deeper than what can be perceived by our senses.
Quantum Mechanical view of Reality is based on Heisenberg’s Principle of Uncertainty. There will always be a finite inaccuracy and uncertainty; this is a law of nature. The quantum world and its Reality are indeterminate.

18. Consciousness and Quantum Reality
Another important aspect of the quantum revolution is that it highlights the role of consciousness in creating Reality.
According to Eugene Wigner, “It is not possible to formulate the laws of quantum mechanics in a fully consistent way without reference to the consciousness. It will remain remarkable that the very study of the external world led to the conclusion that the content of the consciousness is an ultimate Reality.”
Human consciousness and physical world can not be regarded as distinct, separate entities. What we call physical reality, the external world, is shaped- to some extent- by human thought. This proves inter-connectedness of the whole world in a single whole.

19. David Bohm’s Implicate Order
David Bohm introduced a new concept , the implicate order, a process of enfoldment in a multi-dimensional space. It implies an organic vision of the universe unlike the classical emphasis on fragmentation.
Bohm maintains that information of entire universe is contained in each of its parts, as in a hologram.
For Bohm, order and unity are spread throughout the universe in a way which escapes our senses.
Implications of holographic universe have been realized by Stanford neurophysiologist, Karl Pribram, in brain surgery.

20. Mystical Vision of Reality
In contrast to scientific knowledge, mysticism is concerned with a direct experience of Reality. It is by transcending intellectual knowledge and sensory perception that we come to the “absolute knowledge” of the Reality.
According to Fritjof Capra: “The knowledge of Reality in mysticism is the direct experience of undifferentiated, undivided, indeterminate ‘suchness.’ In mysticism knowledge of the ultimate Reality cannot be attained through reasoning because it transcends our conventional modes of language.”

21. Interconnectedness of Universe
Modern science has come up with the most exciting discovery of the interconnectedness of the universe. The vastness of the Universe poses no threat to its interconnec-tedness. This phenomenon is found both at the local and cosmic levels, both at the ontological and epistemological levels. This progressive trend towards greater unification enabled science to transcend the apparent contradictions of several pairs of opposites, e.g., force and matter, particles and waves, motion and rest, existence and non-existence. The scientific research has established interconnectedness of all material beings tracing their common origin to quarks and leptons.
The Human Genome Project has proved the unity in diversity of the living world.

22. Eastern World view
Opposed to the mechanistic conception of the world is the view of the Eastern mystics which may be characterized by the word ‘organic,’ as it regards all phenomena in the universe as integral parts of an inseparable harmonious whole. For the Eastern mystic, all things and events perceived by the senses are interrelated, connected, and are but different aspects or manifestations of the same ultimate Reality.
The Eastern worldview is thus intrinsically dynamic, and contains time and change as essential features. The cosmos is seen as one inseparable Reality –forever in motion, alive, organic - spiritual and material at the same time. (Fritz Capra in Tao of Physics)

23. Concept of Reality in Sri Guru Granth Sahib (SGGS)
The concept of ultimate reality propounded by Guru Nanak in the SGGS is most scientific; as a consequence, it is also dynamic and precise. Reality is one and non-dual. Hence the Manglacharan commences with the numeral 1 before ‘Open Oora’, which represents the Existence or Being. It is followed by Satt(i) Naam which means the Supreme Reality is true and it is manifested in Truth, Existence and Being.
The other features of Reality are its transcendence and immanence, creator person, without fear or hatred, beyond time and space, self-existent, transcendental cosmic spirit made manifest by grace of the Guru.

24. Transcendental Nature of Reality
There is a clear evidence in Sri Guru Granth Sahib (SGGS) regarding the transcendental nature of Reality which is beyond common sense experience:
AKI bwJhu vyKxw ivxu kMnw sunxw ]
pYrw bwJhu clxw ivxu hQw krxw ]
jIBY bwJhu bolx ieau jIvq mrxw ]
nwnk hukmu pCwix kY qau KsmY imlxw ]
In this realm, one sees but without the eyes; one listens but without the ears; One walks but without the feet; one works but without the hands; One speaks but without the tongue; thus attaining life in death. O Nanak, one meets the God after realization of the divine law.

25. Nirgun-Sargun concept of Reality
The Sikh philosophy dialectically unites the ideas of God and the world. God himself transforms into creation, i.e., changing His nirguna form into sarguna form:
srgnu inrgun inrMkwr suMn smwDI Awip ]
Awpn kIAw nwnkw Awpy hI iPir jwip ]
The Formless is attributed and un-attributed;
And gone into absorption in the cosmic void.
Saith Nanak: He has made creation,
Himself on it meditates.

26. Monistic-Pluralistic concept of Reality
Guru Nanak presents an integrated view of the basic Reality that is monistic, but whose manifestation is pluralistic. Even the manifest aspect of Reality, namely, the physical universe, defies measure and count. Perhaps, God alone can contemplate the vastness and totality of the cosmic existence:
A;tu n jap{ kIta Aakaru . A;tu n jap{ paravaru . A;t kariN k[t[ ibllaih . ta k[ A;t n pae[ jaih . e[hu A;tu n jaN{ k]ie . bhuta khIA{ bhuta h]ie .
(SGGS, Japuji, p.5)
The limits of the created universe cannot be perceived. Its limits here and beyond cannot be perceived. Many struggle to know His limits, but His limits cannot be found. No one can know these limits. The more you say about them, the more there still remains to be said.”

27. An Echo of David Bohm in SGGS
Guru Nanak tells us that the Lord is in his creation and the Creation is in the Lord; So the Universe is a manifestation of the Lord:
e[k mih srb srb mih e[ka e[h sitguir w[iK iwKaeI .5.
ijin kIe[ K;d m;dl bRhm;da s] pRBu lKnu n jaeI .6.
(SGGS, M.1, P. 907).
All are in the One, and the One is in all. This is what the True Guru has shown me. He who created the worlds, solar systems and galaxies - that God cannot be known.
j] bRhm;id K;id s] jaNhu . (SGGS, M. 1, P. 1041)
Know the One who pervades all the realms of the universe.

28. Bhagat Kabir & Pipa also confirm
s] bRhm;id ip;id s] janu (SGGS, Kabir, P.1162)
Know that He is in the universe, and in the body as well.
j] bRhm;d[ s]eI ip;d[ j] K]j{ s] pav{ .
(SGGS, Pipa, P. 695)
The One who pervades the Universe also dwells in the body; whoever seeks Him, finds Him there.

29. Experiencing Reality
Ultimate Reality is subtle and incomprehensible but can be realized through Guru’s sabda unconsciously:
hir jI sUKmu Agmu hY ikqu ibiD imilAw jwie ]
gur kY sbid BRmu ktIAY AicMqu vsY min Awie ]
(SGGS, M. 3, P. 756)
The Lord is the subtle, unfathomable entity;
So how is one to attain Him?
It is through Guru’s Word that our doubt is dispelled
And the self-dependent Being cometh into our minds.

30. Sikh View of Reality
Guru Nanak was firm on the principle that the creation is as real as the creator. This universe is real, not an illusion:
scy qyry KMf scy bRhmMf ] scy qyry loA scy Awkwru ]
(SGGS, M. 1, P. 463)
iehu jgu scY kI hY koTVI scy kw ivic vwsu ] (SGGS, M. 2, P. 463)
Real are Thy continents; Real is the universe;
Real are these forms and material objects;
Thy doings are Real, O Lord.
"This moving universe is the divine mansion of the true Lord; And the true one lives therein ".

31. Nature-Reality manifestation
Guru Nanak has identified the manifest Reality with Nature:
nwnk sc dwqwru isnwKqu kudrqI ] (SGGS, M. 1, P. 141)
Nanak, the beneficent Lord alone is true and
He is revealed through His Nature.
God transformed Himself from nirguna to saguna, created Nam(u) and Kudrat(i), i.e., Nature:
AwpInY Awpu swijE AwpInY ricE nwau]
duXI kudirq swjIAY kir Awsxu ifTo cwau] (SGGS, M. 1, P. 463)
His-self He created and manifested His Name;
And then He created Nature and abiding within it,
He revelled in His wonder.

32. Scientific Study of Nature
The concept of Ultimate Reality (God) as presented in SGGS is unique, scientific and revolutionary. In a way, scientific study of Nature is sanctioned in Sikh religion in an identical manner as it was pursued by Kepler and Newton in the Christian world. It is not a mere abstraction. Its realization is possible through the practice of Sabd and Naam. Guru Nanak was blessed with the vision of God or Reality in Nature:
sWiq pwvih hovih mnu sIql Agin n AMqir DuKI ]
gur nwnk kau pRBu idKwieAw jil Qil iqRBvix ruKI ]
(SGGS, M. 5, P. 617)
The Guru hath revealed the Lord’s presence to Nanak in the three worlds; In the woods, waters and over the earth.

33. Cosmological Ideas in SGGS
Cosmological ideas as enunciated in SGGS have been found to be most scientific and compatible with the modern cosmological theories of science. In Japuji and Maru Solhe, Guru Nanak sums up his ideas about creation of the Universe:
‘God created the Universe by uttering a word.’
kIqw pswau eyko kvwau ] (SGGS, Japuji, P. 3)
Thus the problem of ‘singularity’ faced by the Big-Bang model of the Universe is solved by the Guru by bringing in God as the creator of the Universe.

34. Is Time of Creation Predictable?
The sequence of creation, its epoch and extant is described in SGGS in a most rational manner.
kvxu su vylw vKqu kvxu kvxu iQiq kvxu vwru ]
kvix is ruqI mwhu kvxu ijqu hoAw Awkwru ]
In the next stanza, Guru Nanak provides the answer of this riddle:
vyl n pweIAw pMfqI ij hovY lyKu purwxu ]
vKqu n pwieE kwdIAw ij ilKin lyKu kurwx ]
iQiq vwru nw jogI jwxY ruiq mwhu nw koeI ]
jw krqw isrTI kau swjy Awpy jwxY soeI ]

35. Creation out of Sünnya
The creation process is started under the command of God, the creator of the universe. The Guru envisages the creation of the Universe out of ‘Sünya’ which is devoid of matter but not of energy. Hence, a beautiful analogy with quantum concept of creation out of nothing is established :
pauxu pwxI suMnY qy swjy ] isRsit aupwie kwieAw gV rwjy ]
suMunhu cMdu sUrju gYxwry] (SGGS, M1, P. 1037) 
‘The creator was all alone,
He created the air, water, earth and sky;
Even the sun and moon from this Sunya.’ 

36. Concept of SUNN in SUKHMANI
sloku ] srgun inrgun inrMkwr suMn smwDI Awip ] Awpn kIAw nwnkw Awpy hI iPir jwip ]
AstpdI ] jb Akwru iehu kCu n idRstyqw ] pwp puMn qb kh qy hoqw ] jb DwrI Awpn suMn smwiD ] qb bYr ibroD iksu sMig kmwiq ] jb ies kw brnu ichnu n jwpq ] qb hrK sog khu iksih ibAwpq ] jb Awpn Awp Awip pwrbRhm ] qb moh khw iksu hovq Brm ] Awpn Kylu Awip vrqIjw ] nwnk krnYhwru n dUjw ]1] (SGGS, M.5, P. 290)

37. Guru Arjun, the fifth Nanak, describes the primordial trance of God before the creation process starts as a manifestation of God :
kyqiVAw idn gupqu khwieAw ]
kyqiVAw idn suMin smwieAw ]
kyqiVAw idn DuMDUkwrw Awpy krqw prgtVw ]
For countless days, He remained invisible.
For countless days, He remained absorbed in Sünn.
For countless days, there was utter darkness, and
Then the Creator revealed Himself.
(AGGS, M. 5, P. 1081)

38. Concept of SUNN in Maru Rag
suMn klw AprMpir DwrI ] Awip inrwlmu Apr ApwrI ]
Awpy kudriq kir kir dyKY suMnhu suMnu aupwiedw ] 1 ]
pauxu pwxI suMnY qy swjy ]isRsit aupwie kwieAw gV rwjy ]
Agin pwxI jIau joiq qumwrI suMny klw rhwiedw ] 2 ]
suMnhu bRhmw ibsnu mhysu aupwey ] suMny vrqy jug sbwey ]
iesu pd vIcwry so jnu pUrw iqsu imlIAY Brmu cukwiedw ] 3 ]
suMnhu spq srovr Qwpy ] ijin swjy vIcwry Awpy ]
iqqu sq sir mnUAw gurmuiK nwvY iPir bwhuiV join n pwiedw ] 4 ]
suMnhu cMdu sUrju gYxwry ] iqs kI joiq iqRBvx swry ]
pMc qqu suMnhu prgwsw ] (AGGS, M. 1, P )

39. Big-Bang Cosmology in SGGS
Arbd nrbd DuMDUkwrw ] Drix n ggnw hukmu Apwrw ] nw idnu rYin n cMdu n sUrju suMn smwiD lgwiedw ]1] KwxI n bwxI paux n pwxI ] Epiq Kpiq n Awvx jwxI ] KMf pqwl spq nhI swgr ndI n nIru vhwiedw ]2] nw qid surgu mCu pieAwlw ] dojku iBsqu nhI KY kwlw ] nrku surgu nhI jMmxu mrxw nw ko Awie n jwiedw ]3] bRhmw ibsnu mhysu n koeI ] Avru n dIsY eyko soeI ] nwir purKu nhI jwiq n jnmw nw ko duKu suKu pwiedw ]4]

40. jw iqsu Bwxw qw jgqu aupwieAw ] bwJu klw Awfwxu rhwieAw ] bRhmw ibsnu mhysu aupwey mwieAw mohu vDwiedw ]14] ivrly kau guir sbdu suxwieAw ] kir kir dyKY hukmu sbwieAw ] KMf bRhmMf pwqwl ArMBy gupqhu prgtI Awiedw ]15] qw kw AMqu n jwxY koeI ] pUry gur qy soJI hoeI ] nwnk swic rqy ibsmwdI ibsm Bey gux gwiedw ]16]3]15]
(SGGS, M. 1, P )

41. For billions of years, there was nothing but utter darkness
For billions of years, there was nothing but utter darkness. There was neither day nor night, nor moon, nor sun, but the Lord alone sat in profound trance. Neither there was creation, nor air, nor water. There were no continents, nor underwords, nor seven oceans, nor rivers nor the flowing of water. There was neither death nor time. There was no Brahma, nor Vishnu or Shiva.
When He so willed, He created the world and supported the firmament without support. He created Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva and extended the love of mammon. He founded the continents, solar systems and underworlds, and from the absolute self He became manifest. No one knows His limits. This understanding comes from the Perfect Guru. O Nanak, those who are attuned to the Truth are wonderstruck; singing His Glorious Praises, they are filled with wonder.

43. Experimental Observations
Radio telescopes have recorded evidence for various components of the expanding Universe. Star formation out of the Gas Clouds in the Galaxies is still going on. Evidence of Supernova explosions, Pulsars, Quasars, Neutron Stars and Black Holes is provided by Radio telescopes.

45. Expansion and Diameter of Universe

46. Evidence for Multiverse in SGGS
Guru Arjun Dev describes in Sukhmani the myriad forms of creation:
keI koit KwxI Aru KMf ] keI koit Akws bRhmMf ]
keI koit hoey Avqwr ] keI jugiq kIno ibsQwr]
keI bwr psirE pwswr] sdw sdw ieku eykMkwr]
(SGGS, M. 5, P.276)
There are millions and millions of galaxies and solar systems in the universe. The phenomenon of creation has occurred so many times. But the one Lord remains for ever and ever.”

47. Intelligent Design Argument
The cosmological models answer the how question but not the why question with regard to the cosmic structure and evolution.
The religiously oriented scientists have proposed the idea of Intelligent Designer, which imply two attributes as following:
Intelligent Designer is an infinite power with creativity, freedom and purpose.
Intelligent Designer contains the laws for the design of universe.
The belief in God is traditionally used for answering the “why” question related to the creativity and purpose in universe. It is important to note here that the Intelligent Designer is the empirical version of religious God.

48. There is no such Riddle in SGGS
Let us hope the cosmologists find a solution to this riddle of Intelligent design. In SGGS, Karta Purkh (God) is creator (Intelligent Designer) and there is no doubt or ambiguity about it.
About the present theories, I may conclude with the verse from the Dasam Granth:
Awp AwpnI buiD hY jyqI, brxq iBMn iBMn qohY qyqI ]
qumrw lKw nw jwih pwswrw, ikh ibD sjw pRQm sMswrw ]
Everyone explains the creation process according to his intellect,
But no one can tell O Lord! How you first created the universe.

49. My Publications www.researchgate.net/profile/Hardev_Virk/publications.
Sikh Dharam ate Vigyan; Panj Pani Publ. Mohali (2017).
Scientific Vision in Sri Guru Granth Sahib & Interfaith Dialogue, Singh Brothers, Amritsar (2008).
Harmony in Science & Sikh Religion, IOSS, Chandigarh.
Brahmand Di Rachna (1975) Singh Bros. Amritsar.
My Research Papers and Lectures (666) can be downloaded from Researchgate website:
My Website:

50. With Prof. Abdus Salam (1977)

51. Abdul Salam Awarded D.Sc. by GNDU Amritsar (26 Jan. 1981)

52. Thank You !!!