1. A Search for Blazars among the Unidentified EGRET Gamma-Ray Sources.
P.J. Meintjes & P. Nkundubakura

2. Outline CGRO and Fermi AGN Candidates: Selection Criteria
Observations and Modelling
Conclusions

3. Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory: EGRET
1/23/2018

4. EGRET Sky Map

5. EGRET The EGRET legacy Total: 271 sources ~100 AGNs All radio loud
~97 % blazars
~75% FSRQs and 25 % BL Lac (90% LBL)
~140 still unidentified.

6. EGRET Sources
140 unidentified

7. Identified EGRET Sources

8. The Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board Fermi has better capability than EGRET

9. Multiwavelength observations
A one-Year scan of Fermi- LAT 20 MeV<E<300 GeV)
Galactic plane
Geminga
pulsar
Crab pulsar
Vela
3C345.3

10. A one-Year scan of Fermi- LAT (@ 20 MeV<E<300 GeV)
1049 sources
Galactic plane
Geminga
pulsar
Vela
Crab pulsar
3C345.3

11. Fermi first 11 months Data of 11 months: Total: 709 AGNs
663 AGNs with high confidence
(86% blazars)
281 FSRQs
291 BL Lacs
Others are:
10 radio galaxies
50 unkown
Galactic plane
Geminga
pulsar
Vela
Crab pulsar
3C345.3
The AGN catalog with Fermi-LAT AGNs in |b|>10 deg

12. 1/23/2018

13. Energy extraction from rotating black holes
Spinning event horizon
acts like a surface with
resistance of 377 Ohm
1/23/2018

14. Energy Extraction from Rotating Black Holes
For Cygnus A:
B ~ 104 G; M ~ 109 MO
Emf ~ W F ~1020 V
Rin ~ Rout ~ 100 W
I ~ V / R ~ 1018 A
P ~ Emf x I ~ 1038 W
Blandford - Znajek Model
1/23/2018

15. Particles are accelerated within the jets possibly in shocks between different clumps of plasma moving at different speeds

16. Contribution of the Accretion disk and the Broad Line Region to the Luminosity

17. Properties of blazars BL Lacs subclasses Mrk 421 (HSP- BL lac)
BL Lacertae (LSP-BL Lac)
sync <1014 Hz
sync >1016 Hz 17

19. Cosmic Particle Accelerators
Origin of cosmic ray protons?
Galactic SNRs (Supernova Remnants)
are considered as the best
candidates for cosmic-rays below “Knee”.
CR energy sum consistent
with SNR kinetic energy.
Cosmic-rays above “Knee” are considered extragalactic.
Gamma-ray bursts (GRB).
Active Galactic Nuclei.
Galaxy clusters.
1/23/2018 eV

20. Unified models of AGNs suggest that different types of AGNs are really defined by how we see them.
Blazars are observed when jets are pointed towards Earth

22. Blazars are viewed close to the jet axis. Radiation is highly boosted22

23. Selection Criteria Inside error box of detection
Extragalactic (b>10 deg)
Confirmed as extra-galactic in NASA/IPAC Extra-Galactic Data Base (NED)
Radio Bright (F > 100 mJy at 8.4GHz)
Variability
Hard Radio spectrum between GHz

24. Radio Source in Error Box

25. Candidates

26. Galactic Distribution

27. MW-Data

28. EGRET-FERMI Gamma-Ray Spectra

29. EGRET-FERMI Gamma-Ray Spectra

30. EGRET-FERMI Gamma-Ray Spectra

31. EGRET-FERMI Gamma-Ray Spectra

32. Spectral Index Distribution

33. Multiwavelength observations
Femi-LAT detected sources

34. 3EG J and 3EG J

35. Multi-Wavelength Follow-Up
Sutherland
SALT
HartRao
CTIO

36. Optical Spectroscopy using the Goodman spectrograph at the SOAR Observatory (Chile)

37. Identification

38. 3EG J

39. 3EG J

40. Optical spectra of blazars
Properties of blazars
Optical spectra of blazars
BL Lac
RBS 1752
Spectrum of a featureless non-thermal emission
FSRQ
1RXS J 40

41. Dressler and Shectman, 1987
K4000 < 40% Jet -- Blazar
K4000 > 40% Weaker non-thermal emission

42. K4000-Depression

43. X-Ray Luminosities

44. Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomical ObservatoryTa

45. Radio Spectra

46. SALT

47. SAAOP 1.9 m

48. SAAO 1.0 m

49. Optical Variability: 3EG J0821

50. Optical Variability: 3EG J-0706

51. Estimation of BH Mass

52. EC
SSC

53. Seyfert 1: z = 0.12
MRK 501 : z = 0.03
HBL : z=0.06

54. Summary

55. Models: SSC + EC

56. Models: SSC+EC

57. The Robert Stobie Spectrograph (RSS)
Science Phase in
Longslit, multi-object, Fabry-Perot spectroscopy, polarimetric capabilities
Optical wavelength range: 320nm – 900 nm; with planned NIR: up to 1600 nm
Volume phase holographic gratings ~90% effective

58. 1/23/2018