1. Alcohol and Tobacco

2. Chapter 7 Alcohol and Tobacco
Learning Outcomes:
Explain what alcohol is
Explain which segments of the
population are most likely to drink
Describe the effects of alcohol
Define alcohol abuse and dependence
Discuss the causes of alcoholism
Describe various methods of treating alcoholism
Explain which segments of the population are most likely to smoke
Describe the effects of smoking on health
Discuss the health benefits of quitting smoking

3. Alcohol Colorless, flammable liquid Ethanol – psychoactive chemical
Considered safe to drink in moderate amounts
Produced using fermentation (beers and wine) or distillation (hard liquors)
Alcohol content or strength measured by proof
Proof is twice alcohol content (80 proof=40% alcohol)

4. Who Drinks & How Much
Two-thirds of U.S. adults drink alcoholic beverages
1/2 are light drinkers; ½ are moderate or heavy drinkers
Alcohol use most prevalent among year olds
European Americans most likely to use alcohol; men are more likely to drink than women
More than half of underage adolescents have used alcohol in the last year
College students
4 out of 5 students drink, typical student consumes more than 35 gallons of alcoholic beverages each year
40% report binge drinking in the past 30 days
Adverse effects: academic, sexual activity, other high risk behaviors

5. Effects of Alcohol Physical Effects: Depressant drug “intoxication”
balance, speech, coordination, vital functions – slowed, could become depressed leading to unconsciousness or even death
Factors influencing effects:
gender, weight, tolerance, food in stomach, amount and rate of drinking

6. Effects of Alcohol Behavioral Effects
Dependent on amount consumed; judgment impaired
Sexual Behaviors
Inhibitions may decrease but sexual response may be impeded
Violence
Alcohol connected to over ½ crimes reported on campus
Put people at greater risk for being victimized

7. Health Effects of Heavy Drinking
Linked to premature death before 65
males 2x the risk females 3x the risk

8. Alcohol Abuse & Dependence
A pattern of heavy or continued drinking that becomes linked with health problems or impaired social functioning.
Underage use, drinking games
Alcohol Dependence (alcoholism):
A state of physical dependence, or addiction to alcoholism, that is characterized by loss of control over it’s use.
Body changes in how it responds, biological craving, tolerance and/or withdrawal syndrome develop
Delirium tremens – extreme restlessness, sweating, disorientation, and hallucinations

9. Causes & Treatment of Alcoholism
Disease Model: permanent, irreversible physical condition
“once an alcoholic, always an alcoholic”
Genetic Factors:
- sons of alcoholics 4x greater chance of becoming alcoholics
- genes linked to tendency for greater pleasure from alcohol
or greater tolerance for negative effects of drinking
Other Factors: Contribute to problem drinking
Peer pressure, families with lax control or lack of emotional support, single-parent homes, exposure to parents who drink, use of alcohol to self-medicate

10. Treatment of Alcoholism
First step of recovery is recognition of the problem
Treatment options
Detoxification
Alcoholics Anonymous
“recovering alcoholic” – no cure
Psychotherapy and Counseling
Social skills training, aversive conditioning, relapse prevention training
Pharmacological Treatment
Disulfiram (antabuse) – produces nausea, sweating, flushing, headache, if you drink

11. Tobacco No medicinal use or safe way to consume
Smoking accounts for 1 in 5 deaths in the U.S.
Contains nicotine – stimulant
Highly addictive – 1/3 of those who tries cigarettes become regular smokers
Who smokes?
Men more than women, although women < 30 fastest growing group
People with less education – more likely to smoke, less likely to quit
Lower socioeconomic status
Ethnic minorities, especially African-American males

12. Other Forms Pipe and Cigar Smoking Smokeless Tobacco (chew or snuff)
Don’t inhale or inhale as deeply, still risk from carcinogens
At greater risk for oral cancer than cigarette smokers
Side-stream smoke contain higher levels of carcinogenic particles
Smokeless Tobacco (chew or snuff)
Nicotine passes through mucosal membranes of nose or mouth into bloodstream
Responsible for 3 out of 4 cases of oral cancer
Sidestream Smoking (passive or second-hand)
Contains greater concentration of carcinogens
Can cause heart disease, lung cancer, increased respiratory problems including asthma – especially in children

13. Reasons for Smoking Addiction Control Weight
Leading form of addiction in our society
Associated with tolerance and withdrawal syndrome
Control Weight
Nicotine suppresses appetite and raises metabolic rate
Relieve Anxiety or Depression

14. Effects of Smoking on Health
Life expectancy cut by:
13.2 yrs for males yrs for females
Risk of dying prematurely from a smoking-related cause increases by 50%
Lung cancer risks increase 23x for males, 13x for females
Smoking accounts for 80% of deaths from COPD
Women who smoke are at higher risk for
Early menopause
During pregnancy – miscarriages, premature birth, low birth weight, birth defects
Appearance – smoker’s face

15. It is never to late to quit