1. The Chemistry of Life
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2. Nature of Matter Mass Matter Volume Weight
The amount of matter in an object
Matter
Is anything that has mass and occupies space (volume)
Physical Properties
Color, shape, taste, hardness
Volume
The amount of space that matter takes up
Weight
The pull of gravity on that mass
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3. Physical Properties II
Physical Property
Property of a compound that can change without involving a change in chemical composition
Can be observed, and measured without permanently changing the identity of matter
Melting Point
Boiling Point
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4. Chemical Properties
Property used to characterize materials in reactions that change their identity
Behavior of material at ambient condition
Property becomes apparent during a chemical reaction
Can only be observed by changing the chemical identity
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5. Important Chemical Reactions
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 12H2O + Light Energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Cell Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP & Heat)
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6. Phases of Matter Same substance in different states
Solid Phase
Liquid Phase
Gas Phase
Can a pure substance coexist in a phase of equilibrium at the same time?
Yes
Rates of evaporation and condensation is the same
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7. Phase Diagram
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8. Phases of Matter
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10. Chemistry the basics
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11. The Elephant of Elements
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12. Introduction The Periodic Chart Is composed of elements Element
A substance composed of atoms having an identical number of protons in each nucleus.
A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances
Hydrogen is the lightest of all elements and is a colorless and a highly flammable gas
Elements are composed of atoms

13. Common Elements
Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen make up 96.5% of the human body weight
Individually, the following elements make up % of the human body weight
Sodium
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Potassium
Calcium

14. The Atom
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15. Atom The smallest particle of an element Atom Nucleus
Compounds are substances composed of atoms of two or more elements.
Atom Nucleus
Protons
Positive charge
Neutrons
Neutral charge
Around the Nucleus
Electrons
Negative Charge
Surround the atom
Used in the formation of chemical bonds
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17. Determining Amount of Subatomic Particles
The Periodic Chart shows the atomic number and atomic mass of the elements
Atomic Number (Z)
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic Mass (A)
The absolute atomic mass of an atom
Equation
A = Z + N
N = number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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19. Question
If the atomic mass of an element is 29, and the number of neutrons is 15, what element am I talking about?
A = Z + N
29 = Z + 15
Z =
Z = 14
What element has an atomic number of 14?
Si (Silicon)
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20. Electrons
Can be thought of as being grouped in different layers, or shells
Shells (energy levels) are represented by numbers
Most outer shell contains valence electrons
These are electrons that are used to make chemical bonds—hence the production of molecules
1st shell - capacity of 2 electrons
2nd shell- capacity of 8 electrons
3rd shell - capacity of 18 electrons
4th shell—capacity of 32 electrons
How are these numbers calculated?
Orbitals
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22. Orbitals Within shells, orbitals are found Types of orbitals
The volume of space, around the nucleus, where electrons are found
Types of orbitals
Four
S - 2 electrons
P - 6 electrons
D- 10 electrons
F - 14 electrons
Review of electron configuration
Aufbau Principle
Lowest-energy orbitals filling up first
Distinguishes the energy levels of electrons spinning on the outside of the nucleus of the atom
Representation of the orbitals being occupied by electrons
Review of Bohr Model
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24. Hybrids Developed by Linus Pauling in 1931
Showed, mathematically, how orbitals on an atom can combine and hybridize, to form equivalent atomic orbitals.
The concept explains how carbon forms four equivalent tetrahedral bonds but does not explain why it does so.
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25. Orbitals to Hybrids
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26. Hybrids
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27. What’s so Special About Carbon?
It is the backbone of all life
Has the ability to make 4 bonds
In order to be happy
Has 4 valence electrons
At the second energy level.
Any object on earth containing carbon is known as an Organic molecule
All others are known as Inorganic molecules
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28. Functional Groups Functional group
A group of atoms within a molecule that has a characteristic chemical behavior.
Chemically, a functional group behaves in nearly the same way in every molecule it is a part of.
The chemistry of every organic molecule, regardless of size and complexity, is determined by the functional group it contains
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