2. And entirely eliminate the ‘other problem’,… Corrosion!
Sustainable, Waterproof Concrete Structures; Built Better, Faster, At Lower Cost.
And entirely eliminate the ‘other problem’,…
Corrosion!

3. WHY Do We ‘Waterproof ‘ Underground Concrete Structures?
The function of underground concrete structures is to separate the habitable and proposed activities from the underground elements, especially water. and
ALL concrete gets wet because ALL concrete sucks water into itself constantly, and all wet concrete exposed to air, corrodes inevitably therefore;
ALL underground concrete structures need to be ‘waterproof’ in order to fulfil their function over time.

4. HOW, do Water & Salt/Acid Penetrate into Concrete Absorption vs
HOW, do Water & Salt/Acid Penetrate into Concrete Absorption vs. Permeability..
Capillaries , Micro-Cracks & air voids make up ~ % of the volume of good quality concrete
Only two possible water transport “mechanisms”
1) Hydrostatic pressure
Test : “Permeability”
Measures rate of moisture movement under pressure – “saturated flow”
e.g. Submerged concrete
2) Capillary absorption
Test : “Absorption”
Measures rate of moisture movement by capillary action – “Suction”
e.g. Air-exposed concrete
Note: Capillary Absorption operates with or without an applied head of pressure.
Which is the PRIMARY WATER TRANSPORT mechanism?

5. HOW, Water & Salt Penetrate Into Concrete Absorption vs. Permeability..
Click on the image to start/stop the clip.

6. HOW, Do We ‘Waterproof ‘ Underground Concrete Structures?
Wrap up massive concrete structures in petroleum based membranes that don’t absorb water, to separate them from the water.
(If we don’t believe that membranes work!) Building massive concrete structures inside bigger massive concrete structures, and try to manage the incoming water before it gets to the inside, giving the owner a ‘forever’ point to handle.
None of the above. We don’t ‘waterproof’ anything,… we use DRY! concrete to build these massive structures in the first place.

7. Does ‘Waterproofing’ Work, Really?
YES, but there are real problems. Here are a few thoughts that have to be considered;
How can we really be sure that in the tens of thousands of square metres of surface area, we’re covering ALL of it, properly? Including all the ‘holes’ we purposely put in it?
But even if we could, and did install them properly,… how long does the manufacturer say his membrane will last? What is that number of years, as a fraction of the design life requirements?
If membranes have to be replaced every, say, 15 to 20 years, how are we going to do that, exactly?
Internal drainage ‘waterproofing’? Letting the water in is not waterproofing. The cost of ‘managing’ constant water inflow is an increasing cost, as is the inevitability of corrosion of wet concrete. Who pays the ongoing, unceasing, unsustainable and increasing maintenance costs? This NOT a “Green” solution.

8. HOW To Make Concrete Permanently, Inherently DRY
HOW To Make Concrete Permanently, Inherently DRY! Use a Hydrophobic Pore Blocking Ingredient (HPI™)
Reverse the natural absorptiveness of normal concretes, to STOP the two mechanisms of
pressure permeability
capillary absorption
Just as the modern metallurgist changes the properties of iron, by adding proven additives like carbon, chrome, nickel, etc., to change the properties of low tensile strength, rusting iron into steel, the modern concrete user adds proven ingredients to his good quality concrete, to reverse its inherent deficiency of POROSITY.
We use a HYDROPHOBIC PORE BLOCKING INGREDIENT, like the Cementaid Everdure Caltite System.
This time-proven ingredient makes the pores, capillaries and micro-cracks, water repellent and then, physically blocks them against water entering under high pressures.
© Copyright Cementaid International Ltd.

9. The Everdure Caltite System Hydrophobic Pore Blocking Ingredient (HPI)
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10. What About Lower Costs From Cementaid HPI™ ‘s Like CALTITE?
Let me use just ONE example, big enough to work your own projects on;
the Hong Kong Trade & Convention Centre.
•Newly-reclaimed island, excavated 2 basement levels up to 6 m below sea level.
•Estimated Time-saving through elimination of membrane / tanking works, application time, weather delays: 4 months - 96 days (DTP)
•Value of Time-savings
96 days x HK$350,000/day on-site
= HK$33,600,000 (DTP)
•Total cost of Caltite System: ~ HK$12,000,000
•Cost of Waterproofing & Durability met out of time savings
•Balance to under budget: HK$21.6 m
Every one can do that….

11. HPI™’s Add Significant, MEASUREABLE Value, and can eliminate waterproofing costs, entirely.
The in-place cost per m2 of HPI concrete is more than just competitive with membranes: it entirely eliminates the cost of membranes!
~ US$10 per 100mm section,
~ $6.80 per 100mm section, in-place. No further waterproofing or protection required.
In-place Performance Guaranteed
For very thick sections (e.g., raft slabs, pile caps, etc.), HPI -composite concrete is cast monolithically with normal concrete
Savings are achieved in time & material costs for membranes, preparation works, protective layers, and time delays for application & poor weather
HPI cost is normally fully offset against significant construction time & cost savings.
Reduced design time & cost

12. Do CEMENTAID HPI™’s Really Work?
Professor Adam Neville, Author of the world famous “Properties of Concrete”. “My first contact with Caltite was in the late 1960s. Initially I was sceptical about it, just as I felt about waterproofing admixtures in general. However, after being involved in some tests on concrete containing Caltite, I changed my mind. I visited various sites and inspected concrete containing Caltite both in the UK and overseas. Probably the most impressive example of the performance of Caltite was a wall to a seafront site where the basement extended 10 metres below sea level. Accordingly, I became a consultant to the manufacturers of Caltite. Although I no longer have any professional or business involvement with the Cementaid Group, I can express the view that, if used correctly, Caltite is an effective and long-lasting waterproofing admixture.”
Adam Neville: CBE, DSc (Eng), DSc, FREng, FICE, FIStructE, FRSE; former Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dundee; Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Leeds and Dean of Engineering at the University of Calgary.

13. CEMENTAID HPI™’s Really Do Work!
1960 to 2013, Cementaid’s international clients and customers enjoy the benefits of an uninterrupted, independently confirmed, successful track record of 61 years in 33 countries around the world. It’s too late to be the first to use it.
Next, are just a few examples of the Cementaid HPI’s delivering DRY!, durable, sustainable, maintenance-free, design life, low cost performance, in real time service to our international clients and project users.
Oh, and here’s some great news for everybody! In HPI™ concrete? …CRACKS DON’T MATTER!
Let’s talk about that later.
you can RELY on

14. The No.1 & No.3 Largest Oceanariums In The World, RELY on HPI™ Technology
Resort World’s Sentosa Oceanarium
The No.1 largest Oceanarium in the world RELIES on 120,000 m3 of Cementaid HPI Caltite concrete alone to deliver life-time, maintenance-free service life.
(The ‘belt-and-braces’ membrane also used ,leaks.)
The Dubai Aquarium
This is the No.3 largest oceanarium in the world. This magnificent structure relies solely on the Cementaid HPI Caltite concrete for maintenance-free design life service.
It is totally membrane-free.

15. State Theatre, Perth, Western Australia
Design life requirement; 100 years
Water Table: m
Ground Water; acid, PASS
Waterproof requirement; Bone Dry!
Zero membranes! Zero Drainage! Only the HPI™ ‘s from Cementaid, the Caltite System and 3CC System were used in the structural concrete base slab and walls.
The HPI™ concretes were used successfully and cost-effectively and achieved the project’s waterproofing and durability objectives.
The Centre’s completed basement theatre and other habitable areas are all bone dry and performing to the satisfaction of all parties.

16. Singapore Mass Rapid Transit
Singapore Mass Rapid Transit MRT Tunnel under Singapore River - HPI (Class A) System
Between Raffles Station and City Hall
Ground pH values at 2.3
HPI (Class A) concrete tunnel base slab cast using “Cut & Cover”
Completed 1986
Cementaid HPI concretes are in successful service in 33 Singapore MRT stations and tunnels, and continue to be placed in new MRT structures today, 30 years later.

17. Enclosed Stamford Canal in MRT Station
MRT C707 (And Many More)
Station Walls & Roof Under Canal& Station Slab – Caltite & 3CC System
Enclosed Stamford Canal in MRT Station
5 levels basement – 28m below ground
Many links and underpasses

18. Truly Waterproof & Corrosion Proof HPI™ Concrete Working for you!
© Copyright Cementaid International Ltd.

19. Put Modern, Time-Proven HPI™ Tech to Work On Your Projects
Safely, permanently, eliminate all waterproofing and corrosion proofing problems and their costs.
Thank you for your attention.
We look forward to being of real and lasting service.
And finally, take action,…
"It is not because things are difficult that we do not dare, it is because we do not dare that they are difficult.“ Seneca

20. More?

21. Cracks Don’t Matter,… if your concrete cannot get ‘wet’.
Cracks in plain concrete create dramatically larger surface areas for water to be absorbed into the matrix.
Worse. This oxygenated water is very rapidly absorbed along the porous steel /concrete interface, delivering classic ‘cigar’ shaped spalling.
Interior surfaces of any crack in Caltite concrete are Hydrophobic and Pore Blocked. Water cannot be absorbed through any HPI concrete surface.
MOST IMPORTANTLY. No water can be absorbed along the embedded steel bars, because they are embedded in HPI concrete that cannot get wet.
PROOF
© Copyright Cementaid International Ltd.

22. Laboratory Research (CRADEL P/L., Singapore)
HPI Concrete – “Everdure CALITE” & “3CC” Systems Waterproofing and Durability Protection at Cracks
Laboratory Research (CRADEL P/L., Singapore)
50 MPa (Channel) Tunnel Quality Concrete “With” and “Without” CALTITE HPI
WITHOUT CALTITE
WITH CALTITE
Water Penetration at Cracks in Reinforced Concrete
 Research by CRADEL (Singapore) demonstrates the effects of water entry at cracks in low permeability concrete made with & without “Everdure CALTITE”. Caltite is a Hydrophobic Pore-blocking Ingredient (HPI) which profoundly reduces capillary absorption of concrete. The mix design, including 380Kg (PFA) 0.31 w:c, was similar to that proposed in the UK / France Channel Tunnel project.
After drying, reinforced 75 x 150mm concrete cylinders were loaded in flexure until visibly cracked, and placed with the curved face containing the crack in 5mm of water.
Dampness and water uptake into the crack in plain concrte was immendiately visible, but NO evidence of penetration nto the crack in HPI concrete was evident even after 1 hopur partial immersion.

23. HPI Concrete – “Everdure CALITE” & “3CC” Systems Waterproofing and Durability Protection at Cracks
50 MPa (Channel) Tunnel Quality Concrete “With” and “Without” CALTITE HPI
WITHOUT CALTITE
WITH CALTITE
WITH CALTITE
After 60 minutes the cylinders were split longitudinally and photographed. THE crack in the Plain concrete demonstrated significant water uptake & infiltration throughout the matrix as well as extensive wetting of significant lenghts of re-bar.
NO water at all had been takien up or otherwise penetrated the CALTITE concrete. The entire length of re-bar adjacent to the crack remains perfectly dry, encased in the permanently DRY, Hydrophobic Matrix® of CALTLITE HPI concrete.

24. Cracks Don’t Matter!… WHEN your concrete never gets ‘wet’.
Demonstration of
CEMENTAID’s Everdure Caltite System
CRACKS DON’T MATTER
During a Caltite basement wall pour, the steel reinforcement frame shifted during casting and was half exposed on stripping. Regrettably, the fault was covered up with a 40mm sand/cement render, rather than demolish and rebuild the section.
The problem was discovered 8 years later, when the salt water leaking from the upper level room of the salt water pump house to the surface render of the faulty wall below, had caused the the previously hidden reinforcing steel to corrode so badly that it blew off the render, to show the corroding steel protruding from the otherwise, corrosion-proof and sound Caltite concrete beneath it.
Eight years after the structure had received its Certificate of Occupancy, Cementaid and the project’s owners carried out a joint inspection of the Caltite basement, with a view to standardising the Everdure Caltite System as the owners preferred construction technology for future projects.
Cementaid and the owners had nearly finished a faultless inspection of a super DRY and efficient Caltite concrete underwater basement with shops, offices even a bowling alley, all DRY, then,…
At the lowest level car park, two levels below the Hong Kong Harbour, one section of the external wall, which was supposed to be Caltite concrete, was shown to be wet to the touch. Not just wet, but whole sections were seemingly ‘drummy’, and were blowing off!
The inspection was halted, and it was agreed that Cementaid could cut into that section of the sea wall to investigate why that section was wet.
Later, with the first strike of the chisel, the problem was discovered, and it had nothing to do with the Caltite concrete.
During casting of the Caltite external structural wall, the reinforcing had slipped against the inner formwork and been covered in Caltite concrete.
After stripping the formwork, the contractor must have seen the now exposed half reinforcing bars, but there were no leaks or sea water penetrating the Caltite structural wall itself.
But instead of alerting the engineers, it was covered over with what appeared to be a 40mm cement:sand render and left that way, undetetected, through completion and handover.
What happened then and why?
The room above that section of ‘repaired’ wall housed a salt water pumping station. (HK uses sea water for flushing purposes, not potable water) Over the 8 years of operations, the corrosion of pumping equipment and the constant maintenance it required, meant a lot of seawater was spilt there. It made its way down from that room, seeping down to the wall surface below, which of course, was nothing more than a cement: sand render. Which naturally absorbed the salt water.
Over time, the render became more and more saturated with salt, as the absorbed sea water dried out and was replaced practically continually. Of course the partially exposed reinforcing steel under the render was now subjected to ever increasing levels of salt and plenty of air from the inner face. Corrosion was inevitable and rapid.
The partially exposed steel bars corroded, growing and expanding in size until the corrosion product was sufficiently large to ‘blow off’ the render.
Now, the fault was exposed, but at the same time, the outstanding corrosion resistance to any salt of the steel bars portions that remained buried in Caltite concrete was now dramatically confirmed.
Even better, the terrible exposure and destruction of exposed reinforcing steel demonstrated in real service that, exactly, where and Caltite concrete met steel the corrosion stopped. This was a real demonstration of what would happen with corrosion on steel inside a crack in Caltite concrete.
NOTHING would happen, ever.
© Copyright Cementaid International Ltd.

25. Ah Mun, a Cementaid site worker clears off drummy render from the Cementaid Everdure Caltite System wall.
© Copyright Cementaid International Ltd.

26. Only this one pour section suffered
Only this one pour section suffered. In all the other sections the steel was properly placed and no false renders were found, neither was any damp or sea water.
© Copyright Cementaid International Ltd.

27. The problem is being uncovered.
© Copyright Cementaid International Ltd.

28. Getting the problem in proportion.
© Copyright Cementaid International Ltd.

29. Note the damp external render and the bone white dry chisel marks in the underlying Caltite concrete.
© Copyright Cementaid International Ltd.

30. The tremendous bond of Caltite concrete to steel is now evident
The tremendous bond of Caltite concrete to steel is now evident. The easy corrosion of bars embedded in the cement:sand matrix is plain to see.
© Copyright Cementaid International Ltd.

31. More evidence of the efficacy of the Cementaid Everdure Caltite System.
© Copyright Cementaid International Ltd.

32. Again, tremendous bond of the Caltite concrete matrix to steel is evident. A clean line where the Caltite concrete stops and the corrosion in plain absorptive render starts.
© Copyright Cementaid International Ltd.

33. Again, tremendous bond of the Caltite concrete matrix to steel is evident. A clean line where the Caltite concrete stops and the corrosion in plain absorptive render starts. Note how amazingly, the steel is clean and blue, when embedded in Caltite concrete.
© Copyright Cementaid International Ltd.

34. © Copyright Cementaid International Ltd.