1. Documentation Dr. Hatem Elaydi
Islamic University of Gaza, ENGG 1305
Spring 2016, April 9

2. How To Document
Keep track of citation information as you conduct research.
Mark locations where research is inserted into your paper.
Know how and where to find correct documentation information for Internal Documentation and Works Cited.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

3. Choosing Text to Integrate
Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas. (make side notes)
Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay is. (one single idea)
Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay. (write bullet points)
Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you believe should be quoted directly. (should you use any of the words or phrases)
(show title) There is an easy 4-step process you can use to learn to summarize, paraphrase, and quote. Here it is…
(show 1) First, get familiar with the text. As you read it, mark the thesis of the chapter, and identify any main points. Main points are usually found in topic or summarizing sentences (generally one in each paragraph), or in sentences that answer questions posed by any headings in the text.
(show 2) After you have read to get an understanding of the text, close the book or set the article aside. Now, in your own words, write a single sentence that summarizes the argument or purpose of the piece. Once you have this main idea, write a sentence to summarize each of the major ideas of the piece. Once you have done this, review the article to see that what you wrote is really the author’s point.
(show 3) Now find any important points – sentences or single paragraphs in particular – that are important to your argument in your own research. After you read the passage and understand what you read, set the text aside and write what the major points were in your own words. Once you have done this, review to see that you captured the spirit of the author’s idea without using his or her words.
(show 4) Finally, if you find something so important that the exact wording has to be discussed or examined in the paper, or when you find something that is so well written that you couldn’t say it any better, go ahead and mark these as passages to quote. For example, any discussion of the ideas espoused in the Declaration of Independence nearly always requires the quote “all men are endowed with certain unalienable rights – and among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

4. Quoting Quotations must be identical to the original.
Quotations use a narrow segment of the source.
They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.
Use quotes when the actual words are so integral to the discussion that they cannot be replaced. (only if necessary and support your cause)
Use quotes when the author’s words are so precisely and accurately stated that they cannot be paraphrased. (use the complete meaning and don’t misquote)
EX: Stenberg and Lee (2002) agree that teacher learning is an “intellectual and ongoing process” (p. 327).
(Show title) Here is what you do when you quote a text
(read arrow 1)
You are not allowed to change anything in the quote without some identifying mark, usually brackets. Changing even a few letters is considered a form of plagiarism by many people.
(show and read each bullet)
Remember that you do not simply add in a quote (or a paraphrase or summary, for that matter) without creating a transition for your reader. You need to use a signal phrase to show readers that you are moving from your own ideas into someone else’s. Signal phrases also give you the opportunity to discuss how your argument is connected to the source you are integrating. Since signal phrases are so important, let’s turn to them next.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

5. Summarizing
When you summarize, you put the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s).
Summarized ideas must be attributed to the original source.
Summaries are significantly shorter than the original.
Summaries take a broad overview of source material.
(Show title) Here is what you do when you summarize
(read arrow 1)
Now here are some summary characteristics
(show and read each bullet)
Note that when you attribute to an original source, you must refer to at least the author and year in the signal phrase, which we will discuss shortly.
In a summary, you are condensing multiple paragraphs or pages down to just a few sentences, or maybe a single paragraph.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

6. Summarizing (2)
Summarize any ideas or text that you believe are important. Proper summarization should condense the main idea or text of several pages (or even the entire source!) into a brief overview.
By summarizing you save many paragraphs or pages of unnecessary text. When using in-text citations for summaries, you must always cite the author and publication year. If there is no author listed, cite the article name. Summaries do not require page numbers; this is because the text summarized will usually cover several pages of text.
EX: Studies show that throughout colleges and universities teachers are often hired from one area of study to teach a different area of study (Carpini, 2004; Wilson, 1998).
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

7. Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words.
Attribute paraphrases to their original sources.
Paraphrases are usually shorter than, but may be the same length as the original passage.
Paraphrases take a more focused segment of the source and condense it slightly.
EX: Lortie’s (1975) research reveals that classroom experiences as well as interactions among peers and colleagues contribute to teacher learning (p. 79).
(Show title) Here is what you do when you paraphrase
(read arrow 1)
Now here are some paraphrase characteristics
(show and read each bullet)
In the summary, you took much larger segments of text that explained main concepts and core ideas and reduced them to a few sentences or a paragraph. In a paraphrase, you take any segment of the text, usually a single, more focused idea, and put it entirely into your own words. It is not uncommon for a paraphrase to remain about the same length as the original idea, although again, the expression of the idea must be entirely in your own words.
Remember, if you shrink a paraphrase too much, then you’ll be summarizing.
If you use the author’s words, you’ll actually be quoting.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

8. Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation
Signal phrases introduce someone else’s work – they signal that the words and ideas that are about to be offered belong to someone other than the author of the paper.
In-text citations are the parenthetical pieces of information that appear usually at the end of a quote, paraphrase, or summary (though they sometimes appear before).
A simple rule:
Author or Title, Year, and Page: what isn’t signaled up front must be cited at the end.
(show title) Finally, we’ll take a look at the role signal phrases and in-text citation play in APA style.
(show 1-2, reading each)
Remember, it’s your responsibility to cue the reader as to what is your knowledge and what are your ideas as opposed to someone else’s.
(show 3)
Here’s a simple rule to follow: (read)
(repeat the rule w/underline)
Now let’s see how this works.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

9. Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation (2)
Limited signal, everything in citation
. . . end of paraphrased sentence, in which you convey the author's ideas in your own words (Krepp, 1985, p. 103).
" end of quoted sentence" (Krepp, 1985, p. 103).
Author and year in signal, page in citation
In 1985, Krepp reported that (p. 103).
Krepp (1985) tells us that (p. 103).
According to Krepp (1985), ". . ." (p. 103).
(show title)
(show 1) In this example, author, year, and page appear in the in-text, or parenthetical citation that comes after the paraphrase or quote. Notice that in parenthetical citations, each item is separated by a comma, and p. is used to indicate page. Notice also that when using parenthetical citations with a quote, the quotation mark closes the quote before the parentheses, since the in-text citation is not part of the actual words. The period, however, goes at the end of everything, since it completes the thought: what was written, who wrote it, when was it written, and where is it written?
(show 2) In this example, author and year are provided in the signal phrase, while the page number is provided in the in-text citation. Remember that when the year is not part of the natural grammatical sentence structure, it must be put in parentheses. Also, remember that the quote ends before the in-text citation, but the sentence always gets end punctuation after the in-text citation.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

10. Other Citation Possibilities
More than one page:
Smith states some interesting facts about the changing world temperature (1999, ).
Citing two (page) locations from your source:
Jones alludes to this premise (2001, , 145).
Two works cited:
(Taylor, 2010, 54; Thomas, 2014, 327)
When you cite more than one work by the same author in your paper, indicate which work in your parenthetical citation:
Everyone hates global warming (Smith, Our Environment, 87).
When possible, give only the last
two digits for the second number
Cite as you normally would and
separate citations with a semicolon
Author Comma Title Page Number
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

11. In-Text Citations- Electronic Sources
If possible, electronic and online sources are cited just like print resources in parenthetical references.
Often electronic resources will not have page numbers. In these cases omit numbers from the parenthetical reference:
(Smith) – the author’s last name
(“Bovine Flatulence A Major Source of Greenhouse Gases”) – if no author
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

12. Sample Works Cited Page
*Sources are listed alphabetically
Title “Works Cited” is centered
at the top of the page
Indent all lines after
the first ½ inch for
each work listed
Be sure that each citation has a format descriptor (properly placed within the citation); e.g., Web, Print, Film
*The entire Works Cited page is
double-spaced
All citations end in a period (.)
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

13. Most Citations Will Include:
Author
Title
Publication information
Format descriptor
Gore, Albert. An Inconvenient Truth: The Crisis of Global Warming. New York: Viking, Print.
For a book, most of this information
can be found on the title page and
obverse of the title page.
Period
Last Name, First Period
Italicized Title
Colon
City
Publisher
Comma
Period
Period
Descriptor
Period
Year
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

14. General Tips: Print Resources
Book titles are italicized:
An Inconvenient Truth: The Crisis of Global Warming
Article titles and titles of chapters, essays and short stories appear in quotes:
"The Scientific Case for Modern Anthropogenic Global Warming."
If more than one author is given, list first author’s “Last Name, First.” The second or third authors should be listed “First Name Last Name” with “and” connecting the last name:
Singer, Fred S., Christopher Hogwood, and Dennis T. Avery.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

15. Books What Should Be Included?
Author(s) or Editor(s).
Complete title.
Edition (if indicated).
Place of publication:
Publisher,
Date of publication.
Format descriptor.
Gore, Albert.
An Inconvenient Truth: The Crisis of Global Warming.
New York
Viking
2007.
Print.
If several cities
are listed, give
only the first
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

16. Book Examples List the first author Last Name, First,
With one author:
Gore, Albert. An Inconvenient Truth: The Crisis of Global Warming. New York: Viking, Print.
With two to three authors:
Singer, S. Fred and Dennis T. Avery. Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1,500 Years. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, Print.
Italicize title of book
Use a colon between the
main title and the subtitle
List the first author Last Name, First,
but the second First Name then Last.
Postal codes for states of lesser-known cities
Remember to indent
the second line ½ inch
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

17. Books, Continued For books with editors, list the editor’(s)
name(s) followed by “eds.”
Editors as authors:
Schmandt, Jurgen and Judith Clarkson, eds. The Regions and Global Warming: Impacts and Response Strategies. New York: Oxford University Press, Print.
Book by a corporate author:
National Research Council. China and Global Change: Opportunities for Collaboration. Washington: Natl. Acad., Print.
Cite a book by corporate author
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

18. Two or More Sources by the Same Author:
Firor, John. The Changing Atmosphere: A Global Challenge. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, Print.
---. The Crowded Greenhouse: Population, Climate change, and Creating a Sustainable World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, Print.
For the second listing by the same author, type
three hyphens and a period in place of the name.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

19. Periodical Articles What Should Be Included?
Author(s).
Article title in quotes.
Periodical title (journal, magazine, etc.) italicized.
Volume #.Issue #
Publication date (abbreviate months, if used):
Page numbers of the article.
Format descriptor.
Depends on the type of periodical: Newspaper, Magazine, or Journal
But they generally require this information
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016 19

20. What Should Be Included? Journal Articles
Author(s).
Article Title in Quotes
Periodical Title (journal, magazine, etc.) Italicized.
Volume #.Issue #
Publication Date (abbreviate months, if used):
Page Numbers of the Article.
Format.
Farley, John W.
"The Scientific Case for Modern Anthropogenic Global Warming." 
Monthly Review
60.3 
(2008):
68-90.
Print.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

21. Articles Journal: Magazine: Newspaper:
Article title in quotes
Journal:
Farley, John W. "The Scientific Case for Modern Anthropogenic Global Warming." Monthly Review 60.3 (2008):  Print.
Magazine:
Manthorpe, Catherine. "Feminists Look at Science." New Scientist 7 Mar. 1985: Print.
Newspaper:
Tilgham, Shirley M. "Science vs. Women--A Radical Solution." New York Times 26 Jan , late ed.: F1+. Print.
If available give complete date: day, month and year
Volume 60 Issue 3
Italicize the name of the
journal, magazine or newspaper
If a newspaper article continues on another page,
write only the first page number and a plus sign
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

22. General Tips Electronic Resources
Dates: It is very important that you always include the date you accessed the electronic or online source. You should also include the date the source was published or last updated.
Database: Indicate the name of the database, like ProQuest or LexisNexis, italics.
Format descriptor: Indicate that it’s a web source with the word, Web.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

23. Internet Sources What Should Be Included?
Author(s), if available:
Title of the document.
Title of scholarly project, database, periodical, or website.
Date electronic publication was last updated.
Name of the organization sponsoring or associated with the site.
Format descriptor.
Date when you accessed the source.
“Global Warming.”
Stanford Solar Center.
2008.
Stanford University.
Web.
4 Apr. 2010
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

24. Websites
Climate Change. 24 Jul U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 4 Apr
“Global Warming.” Stanford Solar Center Stanford University. Web. 4 Apr
Date source was last updated
Date accessed
Abbreviate the month
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

25. Electronic Articles Journal:
Laurance, William F. "Can Carbon Trading Save Vanishing Forests?" Bioscience 58.4 (2008):  ProQuest. Web. 4 Apr
Volume #.Issue# (Year of publication)
Access date
Database, italicized
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

26. Electronic Articles, Continued
Newspaper:
Ball, Jeffrey N. “Warming Program Draws Fire; Fund Designed to Spur Renewable Energy Subsidizes Gas Plants." Wall Street Journal  [New York, N.Y.] 11  Jul 2008, Eastern edition: A.1. Web. 4 Apr
Date of access
Date article was published
Format descriptor
Place of publication is in brackets when it is not explicitly indicated in the publication itself
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

27. Electronic Books
Sweet, William. Kicking the Carbon Habit: Global Warming and the Case for Renewable and Nuclear Energy. New York: Columbia University Press, NetLibrary. Web. 4 Apr
Moser, Susanne C. Creating a Climate for Change: Communicating Climate Change and Facilitating Social Change. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge UP, NetLibrary. Web. 4 Aug
Again, include date of access and format descriptor
“University Press” can be abbreviated “UP”
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

28. Multimedia sources can also be used and cited
Media sources (examples):
TV & radio broadcasts
Films & video recordings
Sound recordings
Format descriptors:
Television; Radio
Film; DVD; Video Recording
CD; Sound Recording
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

29. Media Sources What Should Be Included?
“The New Year”
Seinfeld
Perf. Elaine Benes, George Constanza, Cosmo Kramer, and Jerry Seinfeld
National Broadcasting Corp.
KNBC, Los Angeles
24 Apr. 1997
Television.
“Title of The Episode.”
Title of program or series.
Name(s) of director(s), performer(s), narrator(s)
Name of Network.
Call Letters and City of Station.
DD MMM. YYYY.
Format descriptor
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016

30. Works Cited
Badu, Eryka. “Rimshot.” Eryka Badu Live. Universal Records CD.
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. Dir. Niels Arden Oplev. Perf. Noomi Rapace and Michael Nyquist. Music Box Film.
Joyce, James. Ulysses. Perf. Jim Norton and Marcella Riordan. Naxos Audiobooks CD.
“The New Year.” Seinfeld. Perf. Elaine Benes, George Constanza, Cosmo Kramer, and Jerry Seinfeld. National Broadcasting Corp. KNBC, Los Angeles, 24 Apr Television.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, ENGG 1305, Spring 2016