1. Job-Order Costing: A Microsoft Excel-Based Approach
APPENDIX 3A

2. Learning Objective 5
Use Microsoft Excel to summarize the flow of costs in a job-order costing system.

3. Fundamental Accounting Equations – Part 1
Balance Sheet Equation
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity

4. Fundamental Accounting Equations – Part 2
Computation of Ending Balance in Retained Earnings as Part of Stockholders’ Equity
Ending balance in
Retained Earnings
Beginning balance in
Net Operating
Income
Dividends = + _

5. Three Key Assumptions
We will always use only one predetermined overhead rate.
Any underapplied or overapplied manufacturing overhead will always be closed to Cost of Goods Sold as reported in the income statement.
We will record transactions within Microsoft Excel by using positive numbers to increase balance sheet accounts and negative numbers (shown in parentheses) to decrease balance sheet accounts.

6. Sapphire Company Example – Part 1
The transaction template that we’ll use to record the company’s transactions is shown as a spreadsheet; it reflects the beginning balance sheet account balances.
All of the accounts shown in the beginning balance sheet plus an account called Manufacturing Overhead.
Manufacturing Overhead is a clearing account that always has a beginning and ending balance of zero.
This account is used to record two things
All actual overhead costs
The amount of manufacturing overhead applied to production using the predetermined overhead rate.
The difference between the actual overhead cost and the
amount of overhead applied to production is the underapplied
or overapplied overhead.

7. Sapphire Company Example – Part 2
To begin our illustration, let’s assume that Sapphire Company has a predetermined overhead rate of $25 per direct labor-hour that was based on a cost formula that estimated $100,000 in manufacturing overhead cost for an estimated allocation base of 4,000 direct labor-hours. During January, the company completed the following transactions:
a. Purchased raw materials on account, $80,000.
b. Raw materials used in production, $78,000 ($70,000 was direct materials and $8,000 was indirect materials).
c. Paid $135,000 of salaries and wages in cash ($68,000 was direct labor, $45,000 was indirect labor, and $22,000 was related to employees responsible for selling and administration).

8. Sapphire Company Example – Part 3
Additional transactions include:
d. Utility costs incurred (on account) to support production, $15,000.
e. Depreciation recorded on property, plant, and equipment, $40,000 (70% related to manufacturing equipment and 30% related to assets that support selling and administration).
f. Advertising expenses paid in cash, $18,000.
g. Prepaid insurance expired during the month, $1,000 (80% related to production, and 20% related to selling and administration).

9. Sapphire Company Example – Part 4
The final transactions include:
h. Manufacturing overhead applied to production, $102,500. This amount was computed by multiplying 4,100 direct labor-hours worked in January by the predetermined overhead rate of $25 per direct labor-hour.
i. Cost of goods manufactured, $235,000.
j. Cash sales, $320,000.
k. Cost of goods sold, $245,000.
l. Cash payments to creditors, $92,000.
m. Close overapplied overhead of $5,700 to cost of goods sold.
Let’s set up our initial Excel spreadsheet showing beginning balances.

10. Sapphire Company Example – Part 5
The completed transaction template is shown as a spreadsheet; it reflects the ending balance sheet account balances

11. Sapphire Company Example – Part 6
Explanation of transactions during the period.*
Debit Raw Materials, and credit Accounts Payable for $80,000.
Debit Manufacturing Overhead for indirect materials of $8,000, and debit Work in Process for $70,000, credit Raw Materials for $78,000.
Debit Work in Process for $68,000, and Manufacturing Overhead for $45,000, and Salaries and Wages Expense for $22,000, and credit Cash for $135,000.
*Debits and credits to income statement accounts are shown in the spreadsheet as adjustments to Retained Earnings.

12. Sapphire Company Example – Part 7
Debit Manufacturing Overhead for $15,000, and credit Accounts Payable for the same amount.
Debit $28,000 to Manufacturing Overhead, $12,000 to Depreciation Expense, and $40,000 to Accumulated Depreciation – Property, Plant, and Equipment.
Debit Advertising Expense for $18,000, and credit Cash for the same amount.
Debit Manufacturing Overhead for $800, and Selling and Administration Expenses for $200, and credit Prepaid Insurance for $1,000.
*Debits and credits to income statement accounts are shown in the spreadsheet as adjustments to Retained Earnings.

13. Sapphire Company Example – Part 8
Debit Work in Process and credit Manufacturing Overhead for $102,500.
Debit Finished Goods Inventory and credit Work in Process Inventory for $235,000.
Debit Cash and credit Sales Revenue for $320,000.
Debit Cost of Goods Sold for $245,000, and credit Finished Goods Inventory for the same amount.
Debit Accounts Payable and credit Cash for $92,000.
Debit Manufacturing Overhead and credit Cost of Goods Sold of the overapplied overhead of $5,700.
*Debits and credits to income statement accounts are shown in the spreadsheet as adjustments to Retained Earnings.

14. Sapphire Company Example – Part 9
Using the information generated on the previous slide we may prepare the Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured for Sapphire Company.

15. Sapphire Company Example – Part 10
Schedule of Cost of Goods Sold

16. Sapphire Company Example – Part 11
Income Statement

17. End of Chapter 3A