1. Imagine that you have been stranded on a small desert island
 Imagine that you have been stranded on a small desert island. You have plenty of water, but your only food is a crate of chickens (of both sexes) and several sacks of grain. There is no soil on this island, so you can’t grow anything. What is your best strategy to make the most out of your food supply?

2. CHAPTER 55 – Ecosystems and Energy
A quick study of squirrels and energy acquiring strategies (Life of Mammals Chisellers)
How does the behavior showcase the following?
Cellular respiration
Photosynthesis
Energy flow and efficiency
Ecological trophic levels

3. Homework: the anatomy of a seed
hormonal regulation of seed germination
determine why biting the end the acorn prevents germination
and finally what part of the seed is actually providing energy to the squirrel, what is the chemical composition of the high energy part?

4. a) photosynthesis heterotrophism chemoautotrophism d) thermophobism
How do the Taylor Glacier bacteria in Antarctica produce their energy?
a) photosynthesis
heterotrophism
chemoautotrophism
d) thermophobism
e) chemosynthesis
Answer: c

5. a) photosynthesis heterotrophism chemoautotrophism d) thermophobism
How do the Taylor Glacier bacteria in Antarctica produce their energy?
a) photosynthesis
heterotrophism
chemoautotrophism
d) thermophobism
e) chemosynthesis
Answer: c

6. Specifically: Anaerobic Chemoautotrophs
Taylor Glacier extremophiles metabolic pathway
A more familiar metabolic pathway
How do they obtain energy from chemicals?
Oxidize ____________
2) ________ serves as final acceptor of electrons in energy yielding pathway
How do more typical organisms obtain energy from chemicals?
2) _____________ serves as final acceptor of electrons in energy yielding pathway

7. Exergonic

8. Endergonic

9. Need to brush up on the nitty gritty details concerning cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
Textbook – Campbell is visual and beautiful
Haiku – Big Idea Resources and Bozeman videos
PHOTOSYNTHESIS will be covered first

10. The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy must always increase with every energy transaction. This directly implies that
a. ecosystems cannot accumulate high-value sources of energy. b. energy cannot be converted into matter. c. complex ecosystems cannot evolve from simple ecosystems. d. in any energy transaction, some of the energy is lost, typically as heat. e. entropy controls ecological succession.
Answer: d

11. The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy must always increase with every energy transaction. This directly implies that
ecosystems cannot accumulate high-value sources of energy.
energy cannot be converted into matter.
complex ecosystems cannot evolve from simple ecosystems.
in any energy transaction, some of the energy is lost, typically as heat.
entropy controls ecological succession.
Answer: d

12. Unlike energy, matter cycles. This means that
an ecosystem cannot lose chemicals from it.
ecosystems can acquire chemicals that are used up from other ecosystems.
when models are built for ecosystems, all of the materials should be able to be accounted for.
matter is being continually converted into heat and back into matter.
chemicals contain energy but energy doesn’t contain chemicals.
Answer: c

13. Unlike energy, matter cycles. This means that
an ecosystem cannot lose chemicals from it.
ecosystems can acquire chemicals that are used up from other ecosystems.
when models are built for ecosystems, all of the materials should be able to be accounted for.
matter is being continually converted into heat and back into matter.
chemicals contain energy but energy doesn’t contain chemicals.
Answer: c

14. Two Main Ideas of Chapter 55
Energy Flow
Chemical Cycling
55-1 Trophic Levels
55-5
55-2 Energy and Limiting Factors
55-6
55-3 Energy Transfer Efficiency

15. 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics, Trophic Levels and the Sun
Explain

16. Conservation of Mass
The law of conservation of mass states that matter cannot be created or destroyed
Chemical elements are continually recycled within ecosystems
In a forest ecosystem, most nutrients enter as dust or solutes in rain and are carried away in water
Ecosystems are open systems, absorbing energy and mass and releasing heat and waste products
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. Microorganisms and other detritivores Secondary and tertiary consumers
Figure 55.4
Sun
Key
Chemical cycling
Energy flow
Heat
Primary producers
Primary consumers
Detritus
Microorganisms and other detritivores
Secondary and tertiary consumers
Figure 55.4 An overview of energy and nutrient dynamics in an ecosystem. 17

18. Plants set the budget.
What does this mean?

19. Concept 55.2: Energy and other limiting factors control primary production in ecosystems
In most ecosystems, primary production is the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period
In a few ecosystems, chemoautotrophs are the primary producers
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. ONLY 1% of visible light that strikes photosynthetic organisms gets converted to chemical energy.
Why?
Latitude (Where is most direct sunlight?)
Atmospheric gases, ice and soil
Plants only use some of the visible light waves (Which ones?)

21. TECHNIQUE 80 60 40 20 Snow Clouds Vegetation Percent reflectance Soil
Figure 55.5
TECHNIQUE 80 60 40 20
Snow
Clouds
Vegetation
Percent reflectance
Soil
Liquid water
Figure 55.5 RESEARCH METHOD: Determining Primary Production with Satellites
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
Visible
Near-infrared
Wavelength (nm)

23. Gross primary productivity is higher than net primary productivity
Gross primary productivity is higher than net primary productivity. The difference between the two is
the amount of energy producers burn when they metabolize.
typically the ratio between the biomass of producers and the biomass of consumers.
an important measure of ecosystem productivity.
energy that is lost into outer space due to metabolic inefficiencies.
energy that is stored in plant tissues.
Answer: a

24. Gross primary productivity is higher than net primary productivity
Gross primary productivity is higher than net primary productivity. The difference between the two is
the amount of energy producers burn when they metabolize.
typically the ratio between the biomass of producers and the biomass of consumers.
an important measure of ecosystem productivity.
energy that is lost into outer space due to metabolic inefficiencies.
energy that is stored in plant tissues.
Answer: a

25. Gross primary productivity is higher than net primary productivity
Gross primary productivity is higher than net primary productivity. The difference between the two is
GPP = total amount of organic material made per unit of time NPP = GPP – Ra Why are we more concerned about NPP? It is considered a key measurement by ecologists because…
Answer: a

26. NPP sets the budget! Need a unit of measurement = _______

27. Net primary production (kg carbon/m2yr)
Figure 55.6
Net primary production (kg carbon/m2yr) 3 2 1
Figure 55.6 Global net primary production.

28. Which would have a higher NPP? Deciduous forest or grasslands? Why?
RESOURCE ALLOCATION!!!!

29. Grasslands Why. – NPP is new biomass added in a given period of time
Grasslands Why? – NPP is new biomass added in a given period of time. (This is different than a measurement called standing crop which we won’t use)
RESOURCE ALLOCATION!!!!

30. NPP and LIMITING NUTRIENTS
“ A knowledge of limiting nutrients helps us feed billions of people on Earth.”
What are limiting nutrients? And why would they effect production?

31. Why are big, predatory animals rare
Why are big, predatory animals rare? Most big, predatory animals are tertiary consumers, which implies that
typically, they are highly territorial.
it’s hard for an ecosystem to support many of them because so much energy is lost at each level of energy exchange.
by overexploitation, humans have caused many predatory species to become endangered
it takes a long time for big, predatory animals to evolve.
it’s hard for a big animal to move through dense vegetation.
Answer: b

32. Why are big, predatory animals rare
Why are big, predatory animals rare? Most big, predatory animals are tertiary consumers, which implies that
typically, they are highly territorial.
it’s hard for an ecosystem to support many of them because so much energy is lost at each level of energy exchange.
by overexploitation, humans have caused many predatory species to become endangered
it takes a long time for big, predatory animals to evolve.
it’s hard for a big animal to move through dense vegetation.
Answer: b

33. Tertiary consumers 10 J Secondary consumers 100 J Primary consumers
Figure 55.11
Tertiary consumers
10 J
Secondary consumers
100 J
Primary consumers
1,000 J
Primary producers
10,000 J
Figure An idealized pyramid of net production.
1,000,000 J of sunlight 33

34. Trophic Efficiency and Ecological Pyramids
Trophic efficiency is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next
It is usually about 10%, with a range of 5% to 20%
Trophic efficiency is multiplied over the length of a food chain
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. Approximately 0.1% of chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis reaches a tertiary consumer
A pyramid of net production represents the loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. What accounts for the approx. 90% loss at each trophic level?
Not everything gets eaten
Not every organic molecule is usable for energy
Lost as waste
Every organism has own energy demand (CR)

37. SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY – new biomass accumulated by the herbivore
Explain where
energy goes.

38. PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY
Calculate
(refer to 1225)

39. PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY
Calculate
33/33+67 X100
33%

40. How about other organisms?
Different animals have different
Production efficiencies. WHY?
That’s your HW along with the
seed stuff.

41. So will you be having the chicken or the fish?
Individuals have different energy efficiencies.

42. DAY 4 – Getting you ready for Big Idea 2 Energy Flow Project

43. Imagine that you have been stranded on a small desert island
 Imagine that you have been stranded on a small desert island. You have plenty of water, but your only food is a crate of chickens (of both sexes) and several sacks of grain. There is no soil on this island, so you can’t grow anything. What is your best strategy to make the most out of your food supply?

44. What is the most important role of photosynthetic organisms in an ecosystem?
converting inorganic compounds into organic compounds
absorbing solar radiation
producing organic detritus for decomposers
dissipating heat
recycling energy from other trophic levels
Answer: a
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

45. What is the most important role of photosynthetic organisms in an ecosystem?
converting inorganic compounds into organic compounds
absorbing solar radiation
producing organic detritus for decomposers
dissipating heat
recycling energy from other trophic levels
Answer: a
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

46. Which of the following would you feed, if you wanted to covert excess grain into the greatest amount of biomass?
chickens
mice
cattle
carp (a type of detritus-feeding fish)
mealworms (larval insects)
Answer: e
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

47. Which of the following would you feed, if you wanted to covert excess grain into the greatest amount of biomass?
chickens
mice
cattle
carp (a type of detritus-feeding fish)
mealworms (larval insects)
Answer: e
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

48. YOUR FIRST PROJECT: Design and complete an investigation to answer the ESSENTIAL QUESTION: Which provides more energy, 20 seeds or the 20 plants grown from the seeds?

49. The Investigation Plan – use AP Biology Lab Book as a reference
Part 1 – Estimating energy from seeds – how?
Part 2 – Estimating NPP of plants – how?
Refer to AP BIOLOGY: ENERGY DYNAMICS PROJECT – PRODUCER FOCUS and LAB BOOK

50. Part 1 PRODUCERS: From Seed to Seedling
Questions to investigate throughout the part 1 of Energy Project
Energy available from seed
What is the energy available in the seed? Design a way to calculate the caloric value of the seed.
NPP available from seedlings
How much biomass is produced in 3 days time for the seedlings?
How much biomass is produced in 7 days time for the seedlings?

51. Seed: Anatomy and Nutrients
Questions:
What part of the seed provides energy for the seed to germinate?
What is the chemical composition of the energy-rich portion of the molecule?
What could you do to confirm the molecular composition of the energy portion of the seed?
What process must the seedling use to proceed with germination?
Joules = ask about other measures of energy that could be used such as kCals or Calories
Grams = biomass which is drymass – very differenet from wet mass bc only want the organic mass that is to be used for energy transfer NOT water

52. Gibberellins (GA)
Stimulate stem elongation by stimulating cell division and elongation.
Stimulates bolting/flowering in response to long days.
Breaks seed dormancy in some plants which require stratification or light to induce germination.
Stimulates enzyme production (a-amylase) in germinating cereal grains for mobilization of seed reserves.

53. As the seed imbibes water the embryo produces GA
As the seed imbibes water the embryo produces GA. This induces synthesis of amylase which is secreted into the endosperm. Amylase breaks down starch to glucose which diffuses to the embryo and is used for the early stages of plant growth.

54. So why does the squirrel bite off the tip of the acorn?
To rid the apex of the high concentration of GA!

55. Think plants – what do you know about them?

56. Part 2: Seedlings and Energy Plants Energy Flow Diagram
How to calculate energy flow into and out of a plant?
What is biomass?
biomass
kcal from light energy
Energy/Biomass
In Plant (on day __)
kcal for respiration
kcal lost as waste

57. Plants: Energy Flow and Measurements
NPP measurements are required!
J/m2/year or g/m2/year
Joules = ask about other measures of energy that could be used such as kCals or Calories
Grams = biomass which is drymass – very differenet from wet mass bc only want the organic mass that is to be used for energy transfer NOT water
BIOMASS= dry mass only, why?

58. Plants Energy Flow Diagram – need #s
How to calculate energy flow into and out of a plant? See guidelines and AP Lab Book
biomass
kcal from light energy
Energy
In Plant (on day __)
kcal for respiration
kcal lost as waste

59. Keep in mind – you will need at least two days worth of energy data to eventually calculate NPP
NPP is the change in biomass over time

60. Develop a procedure for calculating biomass and energy flow for plants.

61. The Data and Math Calculations for Plants
NPP = GPP – R or GPP= NPP + R
Biomass = dry mass X 4.35 kcal/g
NPP = change in biomass/time
GPP = how could you calculate this?

62. How can energy (kcal) from the seeds be calculated?
Ideas

63. How can energy (NPP) from plants be calculated?
Ideas

64. What data needs to be collected?
Think –
What data will I need to calculate NPP?
What data will I need to calculate GPP?
What data will I need to calculate Biomass?

65. Expectations
Lab book kept up to date with experimental sketches (images), pictures, procedural details and revisions, data and calculations.
Raw data progressing to organized meaningful data

66. FINAL DOCUMENTATION REQUIRED
1. Summary statement with quantitative support addressing the essential question: Which provides more energy, 20 seeds or the 20 plants grown from the seeds?
2. Energy Flow Diagram for producer, annotated with final kcal values – indicate which values are measured and which are estimated
3. Graph comparing biomass/energy at two different times (ex. Day 3 and Day 7) with error bars included. Calculations needed to determine error bars must be shown: 
Mean calculations
Standard deviation
Standard Error – apply as error bars
4. NPP calculations - average grams of biomass per plant over the period of growth. Convert to kcal/day. SHOW WORK!
5. Discussion points: How could your data be applied in regards to supporting primary consumer energy requirements? State a specific scenario along with specific application of data. How is NPP used in ecological studies? Research and cite a specific study.

67. Learning that will occur while you are completing the Producer portion of the project
Photosynthesis – why?
Transpiration – why?
Signal transduction pathways – why?

68. Part 2: Estimating Secondary Production of Primary Consumers
How to calculate energy flow into and out of a consumer?

69. How to calculate energy flow into and out of a primary consumer?
Prediction of input and output
Energy/Biomass
In primary consumer
biomass
kcal in
kcal for respiration
kcal lost as waste
No longer an estimation!!!

70. Procedure to calculate energy flow: use AP Lab Book as a guide and Butterfly lab manual
Living organisms require love and safe handling.
Improper handling of living organisms will result in a failing grade for Big Idea 2 but even worse will be the WRATH of HARTFORD!!

71. Part 2 Summary of Tasks Energy flow template
Procedure to collect relevant data
Materials and timeline request
Data collection
Analysis of data to complete energy flow diagram with actual kcal values
Comparison of NPP for two different data sets (ex. Day 7 and Day 12) standard error bars included

72. Final Product NPP graphs for plants and animals
Statistical data – error bars for mean calculations of mass
Annotated diagram of components studied
Estimations to complete all parts of the diagram
Summary of findings

73. While you are completing this project you will be gaining knowledge about…
Signal transduction pathways
Abiotic factors and environmental changes impact on living organisms
Biochemical pathways for photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Different metabolic pathways for photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Food chains/webs and trophic pyramids
Temporal regulation on living organisms

74. Plants: Energy Flow and Measurements
Joules = ask about other measures of energy that could be used such as kCals or Calories
Grams = biomass which is drymass – very differenet from wet mass bc only want the organic mass that is to be used for energy transfer NOT water

75. Getting started… Notebook set up Lab groups…
As a group, review and complete Steps 1 and 2

76. How can each of these values be determined?
Figure 55.10
How can each of these values be determined?
Your project must show that you can do this!
What is biomass?
Plant material eaten by caterpillar
200 J
67 J
Cellular respiration
100 J
Feces
Figure Energy partitioning within a link of the food chain.
33 J
Not assimilated
Growth (new biomass; secondary production)
Assimilated 76

77. While you are completing this project you will be gaining knowledge about…
Signal transduction pathways
Abiotic factors and environmental changes impact on living organisms
Biochemical pathways for photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Different metabolic pathways for photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Food chains/webs and trophic pyramids
Temporal regulation on living organisms