1. Chapter 2
Types of Evidence
Kendall/Hunt

2. Classification of Evidence
Chapter 2
Classification of Evidence
Testimonial evidence is a statement made under oath; also known as direct evidence or prima facie evidence.
Eyewitness: A police composite may be developed from the witness testimony by a computer program or forensic artist.
Physical evidence is any object or material that is relevant in a crime; also known as indirect evidence. Examples are hair, fiber, fingerprints, documents, blood, soil, drugs, toolmarks, impressions, glass.
FACES—a composite program by InterQuest
Kendall/Hunt

3. Intruder Eyewitness
Have someone ask an eyewitness questions about the intruder from class the other day.
Have the eyewitness answer the questions.
How accurate is the eyewitness?
What was a factor in how accurate the eyewitness was?

4. Reliability of Testimonial Evidence (Eyewitnesses)
Chapter 2
Reliability of Testimonial Evidence (Eyewitnesses)
Factors that affect accuracy:
Nature of the offense and the situation in which the crime is observed
Characteristics of the witness
Manner in which the information is retrieved
Additional factors:
Witness’s prior relationship with the accused
Length of time between the offense and the identification
Any prior identification or failure to identify the defendant
Any prior identification of a person other than the defendant by the eyewitness
Kendall/Hunt

5. Physical Evidence Is generally more reliable than testimonial evidence
Chapter 2
Physical Evidence
Is generally more reliable than testimonial evidence
Can prove that a crime has been committed
Can corroborate or refute testimony
Can link a suspect with a victim or with a crime scene
Can establish the identity of persons associated with a crime
Can allow reconstruction of events of a crime
Kendall/Hunt

6. Chapter 2
Reconstruction
Physical evidence can be used to answer questions about:
What took place at a crime scene
The number of people involved
The sequence of events
A forensic scientist compares the questioned or unknown sample from the crime scene with a sample of known origin.
Probative Value: the ability of evidence to prove something is material to a crime (fingerprints have a high probative value)
Kendall/Hunt

7. Types of Physical Evidence
Chapter 2
Types of Physical Evidence
Transient evidence is temporary; easily changed or lost; usually observed by the first officer at the scene.
Pattern evidence is produced by direct contact between a person and an object or between two objects.
Conditional evidence is produced by a specific event or action; important in crime scene reconstruction and in determining the set of circumstances or sequence within a particular event.
Transfer evidence is produced by contact between person(s) and object(s), or between person(s) and person(s).
—Henry C. Lee and Jerry Labriola, Famous Crimes Revisited, 2001
Kendall/Hunt

8. Examples of Transient Evidence
Chapter 2
Examples of Transient Evidence
Odor—putrefaction, perfume, gasoline, urine, burning, explosives, cigarette or cigar smoke
Temperature—surroundings, car hood, coffee, water in a bathtub, cadaver
Imprints and indentations— footprints, teeth marks in perishable foods, tire marks on certain surfaces
Kendall/Hunt

9. Examples of Pattern Evidence
Chapter 2
Examples of Pattern Evidence
Pattern evidence—mostly in the form of imprints, indentations, striations, markings, fractures, or deposits
Clothing or article distribution
Gunpowder residue
Material damage
Body position
Toolmarks
Modus operandi
Blood spatter
Glass fracture
Fire burn pattern
Furniture position
Projectile trajectory
Tire marks or skid marks
Kendall/Hunt

10. Examples of Conditional Evidence
Chapter 2
Examples of Conditional Evidence
Light—headlight, lighting conditions, lights on or off
Smoke—color, direction of travel, density, odor
Fire—color and direction of the flames, speed of spread, temperature and condition of fire
Location—of injuries or wounds, of bloodstains, of the victim’s vehicle, of weapons or cartridge cases, of broken glass
Vehicles—doors locked or unlocked, windows opened or closed, radio off or on, odometer mileage
Body—position and types of wounds; rigor, livor, and algor mortis
Scene—condition of furniture, doors and windows, any disturbance or signs of a struggle
Kendall/Hunt

11. Examples of Transfer Evidence
Chapter 2
Examples of Transfer Evidence
Fingerprints
DNA
Blood
Semen
Hairs
Fibers
Kendall/Hunt

12. Evidence Characteristics
Chapter 2
Evidence Characteristics
Individual—can be identified with a particular person or a single source
Fingerprints
Blood DNA Typing
Class—common to a group of objects or persons
Kendall/Hunt

13. Class vs. Individual Evidence
Chapter 2
Class vs. Individual Evidence
These fibers are class evidence; there is no way to determine if they came from this garment.
The large piece of glass fits exactly to the bottle; it is individual evidence.
Kendall/Hunt

14. Class vs. Individual Evidence, continued
Chapter 2
Class vs. Individual Evidence, continued
Which examples do you think could be individual evidence?
Kendall/Hunt