1. Economics
Chapter 3

2. What is economics?
How a country makes decisions to satisfy the unlimited human needs and wants with limited resources.

3. Basic Economic Problem
Scarcity – People’s wants and needs are unlimited but there are limited resources

4. Economic Resources
Natural resources
Equipment
Capital
Labor

5. Private enterprise
Based on independent decisions by businesses and consumers with only a limited government role regulating those relationships.

6. Private Enterprise Characteristics
Resources owned by producers
Producer are motivated by profit motive
Consumers decide what to buy
Consumers use value to determine what to buy
Government not involved unless there is problems.

7. Role of:
Consumers – Limited resources so must choose what best meets their needs and wants
Producer – Gather information on what consumers want
Government – Usually no interference unless problems (laws and regulations)

8. Three economic questions:
What goods and services to produce?
How should goods and services be produced?
For whom should goods and services be produced?

9. Capitalism/Market Private ownership of business
Government cares about people
Marketplace competition
Elect our officials
Democracy – power in hands of people
More than one political party

10. Socialism Increased government involvement
Keep prices low and provide employment
Government runs key industries
Telecommunication, mining, transportation
More social services
Alot higher taxes

11. Communism Government runs everything (totalitarian)
People assigned jobs
Government tells you where to go to school and live
Everyone has a place to live and food
Medical care is free
People that don’t work get paid assistance

12. Macroeconomics (Big Picture)
Study of economic behavior and relationships of a whole society.
Examples: Gas prices, milk prices

13. Microeconomics (small picture)
Study of relationships between individual consumers and producers.
Examples: A set of customers for a local store

14. Law of demand
When the demand for a product is high the price is typically higher.
Example: A new game system or cell phone (new Blackberry phone) $259.99

15. Law of Demand (continued)
When demand for a product is low, the price will typically be lower.
Example – Razor phone

16. Factors affecting Demand
Whether the need or want is strong
Available supply of products/services to meet needs and wants
Availability of alternative products

17. Supply = amount the supplier is willing to produce
When the supply for a product exceeds demand a surplus occurs
Example: Mrs. Harris has too many homecoming shirts left over (have to reduce price to sell
When the demand for a product exceeds supply a shortage occurs.
Example: Mrs. Harris does not have enough homecoming shirts to sell

18. Market price
The point where supply for product is equal to the demand (also equilibrium price)

19. Law of supply
Increase in price = increase in supply
Decrease in price = decrease in supply

20. Factors that affect supply
Possibility of profit
Amount of competition

21. Struggle of businesses for customers
What is competition?
Struggle of businesses for customers

22. Types of competition
Pure competition – Large # of suppliers offering similar products
Agricultural (wheat, corn, livestock, milk)
Gas
Pens
Light bulbs

23. Monopolies
Only one supplier offering a unique product
No competition
Government limits
Examples
Gas, electric, and water companies

24. Oligopolies
A few businesses offer very similar products and services
Airlines, automobile manufacturers, oil refineries, long-distance services.

25. Which of the following would be considered price competitors in business?
A. Lowes and Goodys
B. Wendy’s and McDonalds
C. KMART and Wal-Mart
Both b and c

26. Customers are willing to pay top dollar for the new popular toy for Christmas this year. According to the law of supply, producers will be willing to produce _________ systems in this situation.
A. the same amount of
B. fewer
C. more
D. no more

27. Businesses that use their resources to make goods are called
A. consumers
B. wholesalers
C. retailers
D. producers

28. If there are no alternative products to satisfy customer’s needs,
A. the supply will be large
B. consumers will pay more
C. the price will be low
D. supply and demand will be the same

29. Kroger is having a big sale on their cereal
Kroger is having a big sale on their cereal. According to the law of demand, what will happen to the demand for cereal?
A. Demand will decrease
B. Demand will increase
C. Demand will stay the same
D. There will be equilibrium

30. Roles of government in capitalism
Provider of services:
Safety: Police, fire, military
Educational: GED program
Transportation: Build roads
Health: Medicare and Medicaid

31. Supporter of business Disaster assistance (tornado, hurricane)
Small business Administration (provide loans)
Consume goods that businesses provide
Establish trade alliances

32. Government’s role as regulator
Food and Drug (unsafe foods and drugs)
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Health Department
Environmental Protection Agency
Security and Exchange Commission

33. Government’s role as competitor
U.S. Post Office
Tennessee Valley Authority (electric)
Amtrak

34. Measures to analyze our economy
Employee productivity – output per worker hour measured over defined period of time (when productivity goes down, costs of products go up which leads to inflation)

35. Gross Domestic Product
Gross domestic product (GDP) – measure of goods and services produced in our country using our labor and property
When our GDP is high, our economy grows, when it is low, our economy is slower

36. Measures of our economy (cont.)
Inflation rate – rising prices
Higher inflation: chances of economic slowdown
Lower inflation: economic growth

37. Economic Measurements
Unemployment rate – number of people without jobs
Higher unemployment rate: chance of economic slowdown
Lower unemployment rate: economic growth

38. One way that the government supports businesses is by
Having healthcare
Having disaster assistance
The Small Business Administration
Both b and c

39. In Pulaski County, there is currently a low unemployment rate
In Pulaski County, there is currently a low unemployment rate. Under this situation, what impact will this have on the economy?
The economy will probably grow
The economy will probably slow down
Inflation will go up
There will be no change on the economy

40. What does the government use to pay for the services that they provide to us (police, fire, roads,etc.)?
A. federal reserve money
B. stocks
C. income taxes
D. stocks

41. The U.S government acts as a competitor in what role?
A. healthcare
B. the health department
C. United Postal Service
D. the military

42. The only true monopolies that are allowed by our federal government are
A. gas companies
B. electric companies
C. water companies
D. all of the above

43. Having a high inflation rate is:
A. good for the economy
B. doesn’t affect the economy
C. bad for the economy
D. none of the above

44. The unemployment rate is:
A. The percentage of workers who have jobs
B. The output per worker hour
C. The percentage of workers who do not have jobs
D. Both B and C

45. If the available want or need of a product is strong, what would happen to demand?
A. it would stay the same
B. it would go down
C. it would go up
D. all of these