1. ASSESSMENT FOR INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AMONG WOMEN OF COLOR IN CLINIC-BASED SETTINGS
Jacquelyn C. Campbell, PhD,* Jamila K. Stockman, PhD,* Phyllis W. Sharps, PhD,* Juwarat Kadiri, BS,* Richelle Bolyard, BS,* Gloria B. Callwood, PhD,** and Doris W. Campbell, PhD,*
*Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore MD;**University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
BACKGROUND
STUDY DESIGN
RESULTS
In 1999, estimates from the National Crime Victimization Survey indicated that over 800,000 violent crimes were committed against persons by their current or former spouses, boyfriends or girlfriends.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) disproportionately affects low-income and minority women .
Case-Control Study
Recruitment sites
Baltimore, MD, USA
St. Croix and St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands
Cases defined as women with a history of intimate partner violence (IPV)
Goal: 150 recruited from each site
To date, 9 eligible cases have participated (6 from Baltimore, MD and 3 from US Virgin Islands)
Controls defined as women without a history of IPV
Random selection of controls
To date, 2 eligible controls have participated (1 per site)
In-depth interviews to be conducted among 20 women in each site
Type of injury reported in the past year among African American and Afro Caribbean females with a history of IPV and those without a history of IPV (n=11), Baltimore, MD and US Virgin Islands
Type of Injury
Cases (n=9)
Controls (n=2)
Broken bones 0%
Facial
Other bruises on the body
22.2%
Eye
Head with loss of consciousness
Head with damage to ear
Dental
Broken or dislocated jaw
Miscarriage or stillbirth
11.1%
Intimate Partner Violence* Rates (per 1,000) by Income and Race of Female Victim, U.S.,
Healthcare utilization patterns among African American and Afro Caribbean females with a history of IPV and those without a history of IPV (n=11), Baltimore, MD and US Virgin Islands
STUDY POPULATION
Women seeking care at primary care, prenatal or family planning clinics in Baltimore, MD, USA or St Croix or St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands.
Eligibility criteria:
African descent
Ages 18 to 55 years
Report of an intimate partner within the past two years
Potential participants receive a flyer describing the research study upon intake registration.
Resource
Cases (n=9)
Controls (n=2)
Healthcare
Emergency room or clinic
Once in the past year
11.1%
0.0%
More than once in the past year
22.3%
50.0%
Primary care doctor or nurse 0%
Community health worker
Mental health counselor, therapist, or case worker
Local department of health
Hospitalized more than once in past year
Injuries requiring surgery
Injuries requiring stitches
22.2%
*Includes rape, sexual assault, aggravated and simple assault.
Source: National Crime Victimization Survey, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC.
Intimate Partner Violence* Rates (per 1,000) by Race of Female Victim, U.S.,
DATA COLLECTION
Quantitative data collected through audio computer-assisted self-interview techniques.
Potential participants complete screening questionnaire to determine eligibility.
Demographics
Abuse Assessment Screen
Women’s Experiences with Battering scale
Eligible women complete 30-minute questionnaire
Current and abusive partner characteristics
Physical and mental health outcomes
Health care utilization patterns
Abuse history
Sexual risk behaviors
Participants receive $20 gift card and resource list of local services for abused women.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the low proportion of cases experiencing injuries thus far, a sufficient amount of healthcare services were utilized by victims of intimate partner abuse.
The small sample size recruited to date did not allow adequate statistical power to test the association between abuse status and healthcare utilization.
Future analyses will extend these findings and incorporate preferences and experiences of assessment of IPV through qualitative interviews.
*Includes rape, sexual assault, aggravated and simple assault.
Source: National Crime Victimization Survey, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
Low-income and minority women are disadvantaged with respect to access to care, process of health care and health outcomes.
This research was supported by the National Center for Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health (Grant #1P20MD002286).
Characteristic
Cases (n=9)
Controls (n=2)
Total (n=11)
Mean age in years (range, 18-52)
33 (11)
31 (14)
Percent employed
55.6%
50.0%
54.6%
High school graduate or less
11.1%
18.2%
Monthly income <$1200
77.8%
72.7%
Medically insured
66.7%
100.0%
Partnered or married
44.4%
0.0%
36.4%
Percent with children
63.6%
Poor or fair health in last month
45.5%
OBJECTIVE
To compare healthcare utilization patterns for African American and
Afro Caribbean female victims of IPV and those who have not experienced IPV.