1. Testing & Comparing Stoves
Tami C. Bond
Nathan M. Newmark Distinguished Professor
Director, Center for Applied Collaboration on Human Environments (CACHE)
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
May 30, Stoves With Heat/CCAC-ICCI-GACC
Warsaw, Poland

2. Some ideas about testing
Update on ISO work
Thoughts on testing cooking systems
Thoughts on measurement challenges

3. ISO (International Organization for Standardization) work
Standards

4. ISO TC 285 “Clean cookstoves & clean cooking solutions”
Scope: Cooking stoves and cooking stoves that are also used for heating
Tech. Committee approved by member bodies of ISO
In-person meetings Nairobi (2013), Antigua (2014), Accra (2015), Kathmandu (2017)
25 member countries, 15 observing countries, 7 external liaisons
Standards

5. ISO TC Scope
“Clean cookstoves & clean cooking solutions” WG1: Conceptual Framework WG2: Harmonized Laboratory Test Protocols WG3: Field Testing Methods WG4: Guidelines for Social Impact Assessment Fuels Task Group Communications Task Group
Standards

6. ISO TC 285 – Current work “Clean cookstoves & clean cooking solutions”
WG1: Conceptual Framework
Terms and Definitions Document (Harmonization) – Going out for review
WG2: Harmonized Laboratory Test Protocols
Controlled Laboratory Test – Going to Draft International Standard (DIS) Stage
WG3: Field Testing Methods
Addressing comments, then go to DIS
Standards

7. Other relevant standards
Chinese standards for biomass stoves – cover heating stoves
Testing protocols available in U.S. and Europe
Standards

8. Testing the System’s Performance
(Perhaps) relevant perspective from cookstove testing
After this, positive spinxxx
System Performance

9. Definition (from WG1)
Cooking System: The combination of cookstove, fuel, cooking equipment, cooking environment (including ventilation) and cooking practice.
System Performance

10. Role of designers: Adapt the cookstove system to the user’s
impact metrics
household fuel consumption
indoor air concentration
outdoor air concentration
exposure
risk of harm
kitchen system
adoption of stove
use of alternative stoves
ventilation
family members’ activity
user influences on
the cookstove system
maintenance
fuel choice
user habits
cooking needs
Role of designers:
Adapt the cookstove
system to the user’s
environment
cookstove system
stove
fuel
cooking vessel
task
operating procedure
performance metrics
fuel consumption
emission per MJ
safety rating
Bond, Annegarn et al.: A Conceptual Framework for the Development of Testing Protocols for Clean and Efficient Cookstoves (in prep)
System Performance

11. Field observations of emission factors haven’t matched laboratory observations.
Roden et al. Atmospheric Environment 43, 2009
System Performance

12. That’s because field operation does not match laboratory operation.
Johnson et al. Environmental Science and Technology 44, , 2010
System Performance

13. Lab vs field – implications?
There is widespread proof that current lab performance doesn’t match in-use performance
Especially for particulate matter
We need to isolate the aspects of the system that are responsible.
System Performance

14. Measurement Considerations

15. Programmatic relevance
Reported performance metrics should be
Impact per service
e.g. fuel per MJ delivered, emission per MJ delivered
Measurement

16. Measurement of variable sources
To get a representative sample…
How long do we need to measure?
How many units do we need to measure?
What operating sequence should be followed? Must include ignition
For large programs & atmospheric modeling,
we care only about average (but real) impact.
Measurement

17. Measuring black carbon
Still difficult, because:
No firm definition that corresponds to tractable measurement method
But we use absorption or thermal-optical anyway
Need LOTS of dilution to bring measurement within range.
Measurement

18. Measuring particulate matter
Big differences in protocols, because:
Dilution/temperature affects measurement of semi-volatile species, i.e. organic carbon
Can’t measure hot.
Semi-volatile organic carbon is a major contributor to PM
Next measurement headache!
“Volatility basis set” approach gaining favor
Measurement