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The Skeletal System 4 Lesson 4.1: Bone as a Living Tissue Lesson 4.2: The Axial Skeleton Lesson 4.3: The Appendicular Skeleton Lesson 4.4: Joints Lesson 4.5: Common Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System
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Chapter 4: The Skeletal System
Lesson 4.1 Bone as a Living Tissue
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Bone as a Living Tissue functions of the skeletal system
structures and classifications of bones growth and development of bones remodeling of bones
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Functions of the Skeletal System
support body framework protection surround organs movement muscles pull bones storage minerals blood cell formation red bone marrow in medullary cavity
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Structures and Classifications of Bones
composition of bones osteocytes–mature bone cells organization of bones Cortical bone tissue Trabecular tissue
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Properties of the Two Types of Bone Tissue
Cortical Bone Trabecular Bone Structure Dense Porous (honeycomb) Mineral content Relatively high Relatively low Strength low Flexibility Low Relatively more Shock-absorbing ability Primary locations Outer surface of all bones, long bones of limbs Interior of vertebrae, femoral neck, wrist, and ankle bones
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Shape Categories of Bones
long short flat irregular
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Shape Categories of Bones
Long Bones Shaft made of cortical bone Bulbous knobs of trabecular bone encased in cortical bone at both ends Medullary cavity enclosed within shaft Ex: bones of arms and legs
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Shape Categories of Bones
Short bones Shaped like a cube Composed mainly of trabecular bone Ex: Bones of wrist and ankle
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Shape Categories of Bones
Flat Bones Thin with relatively large surface area 2 layers of cortical bone with layer of trabecular bone in between. Protect underlying organs Provide large areas for muscle attachment Ex: scapula and bones of the skull
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Shape Categories of Bones
Irregular bones Individualized shape Ex: bones of spinal column and hip girdle
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Anatomical Structure of Long Bones
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Anatomical Structure of Long Bones
Diaphysis Hollow shaft of bone made of cortical bone tissue Surrounded by periosteum Fibrous connective tissue membrane Contains blood, lymph vessels, and nerves Involved with bone growth, repair, and nutrition
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Anatomical Structure of Long Bones
Medullary canal or cavity Filled with yellow bone marrow Rich supply of blood vessels Storehouse of fat Lined by the endosteum
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Anatomical Structure of Long Bones
Epiphysis Bulbous ends Composed of trabecular bone tissue Contains red bone marrow Forms RBC (erythrocytes) and some WBC (leukocytes) Surrounded by articular cartilage
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Anatomical Structure of Long Bones
Microscopic Structure Haversian canals Major passageways running lengthwise Provides paths for blood vessels
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Lacunae Tiny cavities laid out in concentric circles around Haversian canals Contain osteocytes
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Anatomical Structure of Long Bones
Osteon or Haversian system Includes a single haversian canal along with multiple canaliculi Canaliculi are sideways canals than join lucunae Transportation matrix for nutrient supply and waste disposal
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Anatomical Structure of Long Bones
Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals Large canals that run sideways or perpendicular to Haversian canals Connect Haversian canals
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Anatomical Structure of Long Bones
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Growth and Development of Bones
osteoblasts build bone tissue osteoclasts break down bone tissue bone formation ossification
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Growth and Development of Bones
Ossification (due to osteoblasts) Immature bone formation and growth Embryo skeleton is made of flexible hyaline cartilage Cartilage is replaced by bone during fetal development 2 phases Bone matrix shell covers hyaline cartilage (osteoblasts) Hyaline cartilage is resorbed (osteoclasts) Creates medullary cavity
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Growth and Development of Bones
longitudinal growth epiphyseal plate Located close to ends of long bones Osteoblasts on the central side of plate produce new bone cells during childhood. Plates dissolve and bone on either side fuse during adolescence (epiphyseal line)
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Growth and Development of Bones
circumferential growth change in diameter occurs throughout most of life Osteoblasts in the internal layer of the periosteum build layers of new bone on top of existing layers Osteoclasts resorb layers of bone inside medullary cavity Diameter of the cavity enlarges
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Growth and Development of Bones
adult bone development aging causes loss of bone mass Loss of collagen Bones become brittle Loss of bone minerals Mineral content in women peak at 25 – 28 yrs Mineral content of men peak at 30 – 35 yrs More problematic in women than men Women have smaller bones
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Remodeling of Bones hypertrophy of bones stronger bones
Results from bones being subjected to forces Physical activity trigger osteoblasts to build bone Growth at site of force application where muscles attach Physically active people and heavier people have greater bone mass and density Bone accounts for 15% of body weight
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Remodeling of Bones atrophy of bones weaker bones
Loss of bone mineral density Cause by reduced forces Bed ridden individuals Elite swimmers astronauts
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Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: flat, osteocytes, osteoblasts, storage. 1. build bone tissue 2. one example of bone shape 3. a function of the skeletal system 4. mature bone cells
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Chapter 4: The Skeletal System
Lesson 4.2 The Axial Skeleton
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The Axial Skeleton the skull the vertebral column the thoracic cage
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The Axial Skeleton
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The Skull the cranium the facial bones surround the brain
protect the front of the head (including eyes) gives our face shape allows chewing of food
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The Cranium 8 bones (some paired) frontal bone parietal bones (2)
Forms forehead parietal bones (2) Majority of top and sides of skull temporal bones (2) Surrounds ears occipital bones Base and lower back portion of the skull
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The Cranium 8 bones continued… ethmoid bone sphenoid bone
Forms part of the nasal septum sphenoid bone Butterfly shaped Supports part of the base of the brain and eye orbits Connected to all other bones of the skull
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The Cranium Sutures Immoveable joints that join skull bones
4 major sutures Sagittal suture Joins the 2 parietal bones Coronal suture Joins the 2 parietal bones to the frontal bone Squamous suture Joins temporal and parietal bones Lambdoid suture Joins occipital and parietal bones
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Infant Vs Adult Skull Infant Big heads relative to their bodies
¼ of body height Adult skull is 1/8 of body height Small face Sutures composed of soft connective tissue that will ossify in early childhood Fontanel Openings in skull made of soft connective tissue where several skull bones meet Allows for compression of skull during birth Allows for brain growth Ossify by 22 – 24 months
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The Facial Bones 14 bones maxillary bones (2) palatine bones (2)
Upper jaw Connects to all other facial bones except mandible palatine bones (2) Posterior part of the hard palate (roof of mouth) zygomatic bones (2) Cheekbones Forms much of the sides of the orbit lacrimal bones (2) Connects to the orbits and surrounding tear ducts
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The Facial Bones Continued… nasal bones (2) vomer
Forms bridge of nose vomer Nasal septum inferior concha bones (2) Sides of nasal cavity mandible Lower jaw Largest facial bone Only movable facial bone
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The Cranial and Facial Bones
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The Vertebral Column regions of the spine curves of the spine cervical
thoracic lumbar sacrum coccyx curves of the spine cervical curve thoracic curve lumbar curve sacral curve
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The Vertebral Column Cervical region (neck) Upper 7 vertebrae Atlas
First vertebrae Connects to occipital bone of skull Allows “yes” nodding Axis Second cervical vertebrae Upward projection called the odontoid process that the atlas rotates Allows “no” nodding
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The Vertebral Column Thoracic region Lumbar region (lower back) Sacrum
12 vertebrae Connect with ribs Lumbar region (lower back) 5 vertebrae Sacrum 5 fused vertebrae Forms posterior of pelvic girdle Coccyx (tailbone) 4 bused vertebrae
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Structures of the Vertebrae
the vertebral body Anterior portion Thick disc-shaped portion that bears weight the vertebral arch Round projection of bone on posterior side Surrounds vertebral foramen
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Structures of the Vertebrae
the transverse processes Bony projections on the lateral sides of vertebral arch the spinous process Bony projection that extends posteriorly the superior and inferior articular processes Indentations or facets where a vertebrae articulates with the vertebrae immediately above and below (facet joints) ***Progressive increase in vertebral size from the cervical region through lumbar region
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Structures of the Vertebrae
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The Spinal Curves Cervical and lumbar curves
Posteriorly concave Thoracic, sacrum, and coccyx curves Anteriorly concave Alternating curves make spine stronger and better able to resist injury
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The Spinal Curves Primary spinal curves Secondary spinal curves
Present at birth Include thoracic and sacral curves Secondary spinal curves Develops after baby begins to raise the head, sit, and stand Shifts body weight to the spine Include lumbar and cervical curves
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Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
Genetic or congenital abnormalities Spine habitually subjected to asymmetrical forces Lordosis Exaggeration of lumbar curve Kyphosis Accentuation of thoracic curve Scoliosis Any lateral deviation of spine
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The Intervertebral Discs
located between vertebrae Made of fibrocartilage shock absorbers allow flexibility ***interesting note… Thickness of disc accounts for ¼ of the height of spine. As your spine bears weight all day, the vertebrae are forced closer together. You are up to ¾ of an inch taller in the mornings when you first get out of bed
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The Thoracic Cage sternum ribs Manubrium body of the sternum
Articulates with clavicle and 1st and 2nd rib body of the sternum xiphoid process ribs 7 pairs of true ribs Attach directly to sternum 3 pairs false ribs Cartilaginous attachments to the cartilage of the 7th rib 2 pairs of floating ribs Do not attach to bone or cartilage
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Review and Assessment True or False? 1. All ribs are true ribs.
2. The facial bones surround the brain. 3. The sphenoid bone is part of the cranium. 4. There are 4 regions in the spine. 5. Intervertebral discs allow spinal flexibility.
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The Appendicular Skeleton
Chapter 4: The Skeletal System Lesson 4.3 The Appendicular Skeleton
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Learning Objectives Discuss the joints of the shoulder girdle, including the names of the articulating bones, their locations and their functions Identify the bones and joints of the arm and describe their motions Identify the bones of the pelvis and explain their functions Discuss the structure of the ankle and foot, including the names of the joints, their locations, and their functions
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Appendicular skeleton
Includes body appendages Built for motion
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The Upper Extremity Shoulder complex
Includes the scapula( shoulder blade) & clavicle (collarbones). Serves as attachment sites for numerous muscles Scapula Acromion and coracoid processes are bony projections on the scapula Glenoid fossa is a shallow indentation that articulates with the head of the humerus Shoulder joint – glenohumeral joint
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The Upper Extremity Shoulder Complex
Clavicle serves as a brace for positioning shoulder laterally away from the trunk acromioclavicular joint lateral end of clavicle attaches to the acromion process allows raising arms for overhead movements sternoclaviclar joint medial end of clavicle attaches to sternum allows motions such as shrugging shoulder, raising arms, and swimming large degree of mobility most frequently dislocated
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The Upper Extremity Arm
humerus – upper arm head of humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa of scapula radius articulates with the wrist on the thumb side able to radially rotate around the ulna ulna articulate with the humerus at the humeroulnar joint (elbow joint) articulates with wrist on the little finger side olecranon process bony projection at the upper end of ulna (elbow)
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The Upper Extremity Arm
radius and ulna are connected along entire length by interosseus membrane proximal & distal radioulnar joint radius and ulna articulate with each other at both ends Distal end of radius unite with serval carpal bones – radiocarpal joint
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The Upper Extremity the wrist and hand carpals (8) metacarpals (5)
phalanges (14)
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The Lower Extremity the pelvic girdle – bony encasement of the pelvic region that shelters the reproductive organs, bladder and parts of the large intestines. Formed by two coxal bones and the sacrum These 3 bones and the coccyx comprise the pelvis The female pelvis is wider than the male pelvis. Allows for childbirth
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The Lower Extremity the pelvic girdle Coxal bone fusion of 3 bones
Ilium Comprise most of the coxal bone Connect posteriorly to the sacrum at the sacroiliac join Ischium Forms the lowest portion of the coxal bone Supports the weight of the body during sitting Pubis Anterior portion of the coxal bone Two bones fuse in the center of the pubis symphysis Bones joined by hyaline cartilage Acetabulum Deep bony socket that receives the head of the thigh bone
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The Lower Extremity the leg Femur upper leg or thigh
largest and strongest bone of the body head of femur fits snugly in the acetabulum of the hip (very stable) most vulnerable part of the femur is the neck site where hip fractures occur Tibia shinbone bears most of the weight of the body above it
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The Lower Extremity the leg Fibula small bone of the lower leg
serves primarily as a muscle attachment site the distal end has a bony prominence called the lateral malleolus lateral ankle bone Tibia and fibula are connected along their length by an interosseous membrane Patella Knee cap Protects the front of the knee
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The Lower Extremity the leg Joints to know Iliofemoral joint
Tibiofemoral joint Patellofemoral joint Tibiofibular joints (proximal and distal)
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The Lower Extremity the ankle and foot tarsals (7)
2 largest are the talus and calcaneus (heel)
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The Lower Extremity the ankle and foot metatarsals (5)
Configuration of these bones form two important arches Longitudinal arch runs lengthwise from calcaneus to the heads of the metatarsals. (lateral and medial) Transverse arch runs sideway and causes the center of the bottom of the foot to be slightly elevated These arches can compress and spring back
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The Lower Extremity the ankle and foot phalanges (14)
each toe is comprised of 3 phalanges except the big toe only has two
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Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: foot, shoulder complex, humerus, or pelvic girdle. 1. The proximal bone of the arm is the _______________. 2. The tarsals are found in the _______________. 3. The scapula and clavicle make up the _______________. 4. The ilium is part of the _______________.
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Chapter 4: The Skeletal System
Lesson 4.4 Joints
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Categories of Joints immovable joints–synarthroses
slightly movable joints–amphiarthroses freely movable joints–diarthroses
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Immovable Joints Synarthroses Sutures Syndesmoses (held by bands)
Irregularly grooved bone sheets joined closely and tightly by bone fibrous tissue. Begins to ossify in early adulthood; eventually completely bone skull Syndesmoses (held by bands) Extremely limited movement coracoacromial joint distal tibiofibular joint
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Slightly Movable Joints
Amphiarthroses Synchondroses (held by cartilage) Articulating bones are held together by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage sternocostal joint epiphyseal plates Symphyses Thin plates of hyaline cartilage separate a disc of fibrocartilage from bones vertebral joints pubic symphysis
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Freely Movable Joints Diarthroses AKA: synovial joints
Surrounded by articular capsule with a synovial membrane lining that secretes synovial fluid
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Gliding joint Articulating bone surfaces are flat
Only gliding movement permitted Ex: Intercarpal joints
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Hinge joints One articulating bone surface is convex and the other is concave Strong ligaments restrict movement to a planar, hingelike motion Ex humeroulnar
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Pivot joints Permit rotation around only 1 axis Ex. radioulnar
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Condyloid joint One articulating bone surface is an oval, convex shape; the other has a concave surface Large range of movement permitted Ex. metacarpophalangeal
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Saddle joint Both bone surfaces are shaped like the seat of a saddle
Greater range of movement than condyloid Ex trapeziometacarpal
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Ball and socket joints Most freely movable
Surface of bones are reciprocally convex and concave Ex humeroscapular
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Freely Movable Joint Structures
Bursae Small capsules lined with synovial membranes and filled with synovial fluid Cushion structures it separates Usually separates tendons from bones (reduces friction) tendon sheaths Double-layered synovial structures surrounding tendons close to bones Secrete synovial fluid Long tendons crossing wrist and finger joints are protected by tendon sheaths
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Freely Movable Joint Structures
articular tissues articular fibrocartilage Disc called meniscus intervertebral discs menisci of the knee Help to distribute forces evenly and absorb shock Tendons Connects muscle to bones Ligaments Connect bone to bone
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© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
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Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: skull, diarthroses, amphiarthroses, synarthroses. 1. immovable joint 2. slightly movable joint 3. freely movable joint 4. sutures
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Common Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System
Chapter 4: The Skeletal System Lesson 4.5 Common Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System
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Common Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System
common bone injuries osteoporosis common joint injuries arthritis
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Fractures A break or crack in a bone Classified as: Simple
Compound – one or both bone ends protrude through skin greenstick stress comminuted Spiral Avulsions – fractures caused when a tendon ligament pulls away from the bone, taking a small chip of bone with it
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Epiphyseal Injuries Include injuries to the:
epiphyseal plate articular cartilage Apophysis – site where tendon attaches to bone Damage to the growth plate can result in premature closure of the epiphyseal junction and terminate bone growth
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Osteoporosis A condition in which bone mineralization and strength are so abnormally low that regular, daily activities can result in painful fractures. age-related osteoporosis Condition begins with osteopenia (reduced bone mass) the female athlete triad disordered eating amenorrhea osteoporosis
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Common Joint Injuries sprains dislocations bursitis
torn ligament or tendon dislocations bone displaced from socket bursitis inflammation of bursae
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Arthritis Common pathology associated with aging
Joint inflammation accompanied by pain, stiffness, and sometimes swelling. rheumatoid arthritis immune system attacks joints Most debilitating and painful form Osteoarthritis degeneration of articular cartilage Pain relieved by rest Joint stiffness improved by activity
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Review and Assessment True or False?
1. A torn ligament causes a sprain. 2. Low strength bones easily break. 3. Immune system attack causes amenorrhea. 4. Greenstick is a type of fracture. 5. Bursitis is an inflammation of bursae.
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