1. The Road To Statehood Native Americans Europeans Territory State
MS Studies Chapter 3
The Road To Statehood
Native Americans
Europeans
Territory
State

2. Early Native American Periods
Paleo (10,000 B.C. – 8,000 B.C.)
existed during Ice Age
Natives crossed Land Bridge between Russia & Alaska following food
Archaic (8,000 B.C. – 500 B.C.)
Climate warmed. Large animals died
Natives became less nomadic, hunted smaller game
Woodland – (500 B.C. – 1,000 A.D.)
Highly organized societies
Were Moundbuilders. Mounds were built over tombs
Were farmers, depended less on hunting.
Settled along rivers and streams
Settlements were very large
Mississippian (1,000 A.D. – 1,600 A.D.)
Built Mounds for burial, homes for leaders, and religious reasons
Emerald Mound (Natchez, MS) is the largest mound in Mississippi
Settlements were near rivers and streams
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3. Paleo Period
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4. Archaic
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5. Woodland
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6. Native American Societies
Large tribes were Choctaw, Chickasaw, & Natchez
Many smaller tribes existed (Choula, Pascagoula, Tunica, Biloxi, etc.)
Most tribes were similar
Each village governed itself, but had representatives on a tribal council
There were several Clans in each village
Individuals had to marry outside their clan. Children were members of their mothers clan.
Polygamy (multiple wives) was sometimes practiced. Wives were usually sisters
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7. Choctaw Village
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8. Native American Societies (Cont.)
Males
Hunted, cleared land, warriors
Females
Planted, made pottery, gathered food, tanned hides
Polytheistic (many gods)
Most gods centered around the sun or earth in some way
Choctaw played ishtohbohl (stick ball) which was similar to Lacrosse
Choctaw also played Chunky (threw spears at a rolling stone)
Natchez were more like the Mississippian period Indians
Leader was the “Great Sun”
When he died some of his wives were killed as well
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9. Ishtohbohl
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10. Chunky
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11. Spanish Arrive
Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto explored Southeastern MS between 1539 – Had 600 soldiers
Looking for Gold & Silver
Gained supplies & slaves by holding Native American chiefs hostage
Faced many Native American attacks
Crossed MS River in May 1542
De Soto died in 1542
His men floated down the MS River to the Gulf and were pursued by Natives the entire trip.
Spanish didn’t return, but their trip was devastating.
This expedition introduced European diseases to North American Natives.
It is estimated that at least 50% of Natives in North America died from disease during this time period.
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12. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

13. De Soto in MS
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14. French French settled Canada in 1608
1673 Marquette & Joliet explored MS River
1682 Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle & Henri de Tonti sailed down MS River to the Gulf & claim the MS River Valley for France.
Named this new land Louisiana (King Louis & Queen Anna)
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15. LaSalle
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16. European Settlements in North America
Spanish – Florida, Mexico, Caribbean & Central America
British – East coast of present day U.S.
French – Canada
All three were rivals and fighting to secure lands & Native support
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17. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

18. French Settlement French wanted to control interior of U.S.
1699 Pierre le Moyne, Sieur d’Iberville is sent to Gulf Coast to create colony
Landed at Ship Island and reached mainly on Feb. 13, 1699.
Located mouth of MS River and met with the Natchez Indians
Built Fort Maurepas in present day Ocean Springs
Fort Maurepas is the first European settlement in MS.
Iberville left many times and left his younger brother, Jean-Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur d’Bienville in charge.
Fort Maurepas is later abandoned and a new settlement is created at the mouth of the MS River at New Orleans in 1718
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19. Iberville
Bienville
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20. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

21. Fort Maurepas
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22. French Settlement (Cont.)
Bienville constructed Fort Rosalie at Natchez in 1716 to protect French settlers
Natchez prospered
1729 Natchez governor demanded the Natchez give up some land. The Natchez revolted
They attacked the fort, killed 200 white settlers, and freed 300 black slaves
French & Choctaws destroyed the Natchez. Remaining Natchez fled to live with the Chickasaw.
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23. Fort Rosalie
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24. Native Americans & Europeans
Native American tribes were divided
Europeans fought for Native American Allies with trade goods
French won the allegiance of the Choctaw
British won allegiance of Chickasaw, Natchez, & Creek
French & Indian War ( ) was fought between France & Great Britain in the present day U.S.
French lost the war and the Treaty of Paris 1763 was signed.
French gave up all lands east of the MS River (except for New Orleans) to Great Britain.
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25. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

26. British MS After Treaty of Paris MS became part of West Florida
Area was remote & rural
British encouraged settlement in Natchez
Land Grants were given in the Natchez District
British settlers populated the area
1776 American Revolution began
Natchez & other portions of West Florida were captured by the Spanish in Sept
Treaty of Paris 1783 ended Amer. Rev. and made the southern boundary of the U.S. 31°
Spanish still controlled Natchez, but U.S. owned it.
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27. British West Florida
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28. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

29. Spanish MS Natchez thrived under Spanish rule
Fertile land allowed tobacco, indigo, and cotton to grow well
By 1800 cotton was the largest export of Natchez
America and Spain quarreled over access to the MS River (N.O. owned by Spain)
1795 Pinckney’s Treaty, officially the Treaty of San Lorenzo de Real, was signed saying the U.S. could use the port of New Orleans and Spain would give up control of Natchez
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30. Pinckney’s Treaty
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31. MS Territory MS became a territory of the U.S. in 1798
Mostly Native American and forested
Natchez Trace was only major road. It connected the MS Territory capital of Natchez to Nashville, TN.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established the Territorial Government in MS
MS given a Governor, 3 Judges, and Sec. Governor
Pop. Reaches 5,000 free men an assembly is created to make laws
Pop. Reaches 60,000 free men the territory creates a constitution and petitions for statehood
Winthrop Sargent was first governor. He was viewed as mean and strict. He was a Federalist, and many Mississippians were Jeffersonian Democrats
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32. Natchez Trace
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33. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

34. MS Territory
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35. Winthrop Sargent
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36. Land Problems Most MS land was owned by Choctaw & Chickasaw.
U.S. pressured them to give up land claims
Settlers faced many problems b/c British, French, Spanish, & U.S. had granted land claims and many overlapped
Land Ordinance of 1785 divided government land into townships.
6 square miles, 36 sections (1 square mile each), 640 acres per section
16th section set aside for public education
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37. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

38. Territory Grows Territory became sectionalized.
West Mississippians (Natchez) were rich plantation owners and controlled politics. East Mississippians (Alabama) were small farmers and wanted power
1804 territory expanded to TN line
1812 territory expanded between Pearl River and Florida
Population grew and the territory was ready for statehood
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39. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

40. MS Territory
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41. Statehood MS Territory was large. Congress divided it in 1817.
Alabama became a new territory (state in 1819)
MS wrote a constitution for statehood
Legislature was given more power than the Executive
Constitution was not presented to the people, but sent straight to Washington
Dec. 10, 1817, Congress approved MS as the 20th state in the Union
David Holmes became first governor.
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42. State of MS
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43. David Holmes
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44. Politics, Slavery, and Antebellum Society
MS Studies Ch. 4
Politics, Slavery, and Antebellum Society

45. MS Capital
1798 Natchez was Territorial Capital, b/c it was most substantial settlement
1802 the Capital was moved to Washington
Others wanted a more centrally located capital
In 1821 planners selected LeFleur’s Bluff on the Pearl River as a central location
The capital was named Jackson and the legislature first met there in Dec. 1822
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46. Natchez, MS
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49. Early MS Politics County Govn’t met needs of people
Mississippi political views changed by 1832.
Mississippians were Democrats & championed the Common Man
Constitution of 1832 reflected changing political views
Judges elected & served terms
Most officials elected
Representation in legislature based on population
County Govn’t met needs of people
“Board of Police” governed
Levied taxes
Oversaw roads & construction
Oversaw poor, education, businesses, etc.
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50. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

51. Native American Lands Native Americans occupied most land in MS
U.S. Govn’t tried to allow Natives to assimilate, but many natives did not want to. Some tribes united:
Tecumseh united some, but Pushmataha prevented the Choctaw from joining
Whites wanted Natives moved west of the MS River to free up land.
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52. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

53. Native American Treaties
Treaties were signed to acquire Native lands.
1801 Treaty of Fort Adams. 1st treaty between U.S. & Choctaw
1805 Treaty of Mt. Dexter (U.S. & Choctaw)
1820 Treaty of Doak’s Stand – land swap, but Choctaw received bad land and didn’t move.
1830 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. Choctaw ceded all remaining land to U.S. & moved to Oklahoma.
1832 Treaty of Pontotoc Creek. Chickasaw ceded their land to U.S. in land swap deal.
Natives traveled along the “Trail of Tears” to Oklahoma. Many died along the way.
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54. Dancing Rabbit Creek
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55. Pontotoc Creek
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56. Slavery Slaves arrived in MS with French in early 1700’s
1724 Bienville creates “Black Code” or laws to govern slaves
Many of the codes were prohibitive, but many protected slaves
Slavery was not as cruel during this time.
Slave population grew under British, Spanish, & U.S. rule
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57. Cotton Cotton production increased in MS
1793 Eli Whitney creates cotton gin.
Cotton gin separates seeds from cotton
1795 cotton gin is created in MS by a slave named Barclay
Cotton was called “King Cotton” b/c it was the primary cash crop of the South
Cotton was perfect for MS. Good soil, long growing season, navigable rivers
Rush Nutt creates “Petit Gulf” cotton which is the strain that grows best here.
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59. Slaves & Labor By 1860 9% of MS pop. owned slaves
½ of those owned 5 or less slaves
Most slaves lived on plantations w/ large slave populations
Slaves performed many tasks, but mainly cotton production
Overseers usually controlled slaves
Work day was sunrise to sunset (or later)
Slaves could be whipped, but owners usually tried using rewards opposed to punishment
Slaves lived in simple homes with little luxury.
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60. Slaveship
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61. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

62. Slave ship
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63. Slaves picking cotton 1830’s
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64. Slave Community Slave laws tightened in the 1800’s
Property not people. Families could be separated at any time.
Needed pass to leave plantation
Could not learn to read & write, gather, testify in court, strike a white,
Strong family ties were forged among slaves
Slaves adopted Christianity & adapted it.
Attended church w/ owners, but also worshipped on their own.
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65. Slave Community
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66. Slave Resistance MS never had a slave revolt Most resistance was quiet
Slow work, poisoning, machinery broken, fires started, etc.
Slaves did runaway & were punished upon return.
Owners were paranoid about revolts and sometimes punished slaves for planning revolts.
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67. Natchez ad for a lost runaway
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68. Natchez ad for a lost runaway
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69. Free Blacks MS had free blacks.
William Johnson, Barber of Natchez, was most famous
MS attempted to force free blacks out of the state by 1830’s, so they could not start revolts or riots.
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70. Barber of Natchez
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71. Antebellum MS
Antebellum – time period in the South just before the Civil War
MS pop. grew b/c of cheap land and high cotton prices
MS economy was booming
Pres. Jackson withdrew federal money from the National Bank & put it in state “Pet Banks”
State Banks issued more paper money and loans than the amount of specie (hard currency) that they had.
This led to disaster.
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72. Panic of 1837
Specie Circular Act of 1836 said govn’t land could only be purchased with specie.
Banks ran out of Specie and were forced to close
This caused Panic of 1837 (led to U.S. depression from )
In MS federal govn’t foreclosed on lands, banks closed, cotton prices plummeted,
Property owners lost lands to the state for not paying taxes.
Took MS’s economy years to recover.
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73. Whig campaign poster of the hard times of 1837
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74. Transportation in MS
No paved roads until 1900’s. Roads travel was slow and poor
Steamboats carried cotton up and down MS Rivers (most went to New Orleans)
By mid 1800’s Railroads in MS began expanding and improved land travel
Main (trunk) lines were laid connecting Vicksburg, Jackson, Meridian & other cities
Later smaller lines joined these major lines and RR travel & trade improved.
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75. Simple steam engine
a simplified triple-expansion engine. High-pressure steam (red) enters from the boiler and passes through the engine, exhausting as low-pressure steam (blue) to the condenser.
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76. Mechanics of an early steam engine
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77. Education By 1836 Counties were funding schools
School year was short (3 months) and operated around harvesting of crops
By 1860 less than 1/3 of white children went to school
Basics were taught
Higher Ed. was available through religious & private schools
There were no schools for blacks before the Civil War
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