1. THE DAY OF INFAMY December 7, 1941
PEARL HARBOR
THE DAY OF INFAMY
December 7, 1941

2. USS Arizona

3. Hideki Tojo: Prime Minister of Japan (Former Minister of War)
Under the leadership of Minister of War Hideki Tajo, Japan's objective was to establish a defensive perimeter—the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere"—in the western Pacific. This perimeter was to extend from the Juries Islands northeast of Japan, south to the Marianas and Marshall Islands, west through the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, and the East Indies, then northward into the Indian Ocean and southeast Asia. Tajo believed that Japan could thus drive out the Western powers, achieve a position of preeminence in East Asia, and free the nation from its dependence on Western oil, coal, rubber, ore, and other vital resources.
Tojo's strategy, however, was bringing him ever closer to conflict with those powers. The Dutch, for example, controlled the East Indies, France had a presence in Indo-China, the United States controlled the Philippines, and Malaya was a British colony. Concerned about Japanese aggression, Holland, Great Britain, and the United States imposed a trade embargo on Japan on July 26, 1941, cutting off supplies of resources to the increasingly belligerent nation. Tojo, now prime minister, was convinced that the West's goal was to starve Japan into submission.
Events came to a boil in September, United States Secretary of State Cordell Hull demanded that Japan withdraw its troops from China and Southeast Asia. While many Japanese military leaders quailed at the prospect of going to war with the United States, Tojo convinced them that acceding to American demands would be a humiliating diplomatic defeat. While carrying on protracted—and deceptive—negotiations with the United States, Japan invaded Thailand, Malaya, Burma, and the East Indies. And on November 26, the Japanese navy set sail for Pearl Harbor, where most of the U.S. Pacific fleet was docked.
Hideki Tojo: Prime Minister of Japan (Former Minister of War)
"Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere"

4. Hideki Tojo: Prime Minister of Japan
Under the leadership of Minister of War Hideki Tajo, Japan's objective was to establish a defensive perimeter—the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere"—in the western Pacific.
Tajo believed that Japan could thus drive out the Western powers, achieve a position of preeminence in East Asia, and free the nation from its dependence on Western oil, coal, rubber, ore, and other vital resources.
Tojo's strategy, however, was bringing him ever closer to conflict with those powers. The Dutch, for example, controlled the East Indies, France had a presence in Indo-China, the United States controlled the Philippines, and Malaya was a British colony.

5. Hideki Tojo: Prime Minister of Japan
Concerned about Japanese aggression, Holland, Great Britain, and the United States imposed a trade embargo on Japan on July 26, 1941, cutting off supplies of resources to the increasingly belligerent nation.
Tojo, now prime minister, was convinced that the West's goal was to starve Japan into submission.
Events came to a boil in September, United States Secretary of State Cordell Hull demanded that Japan withdraw its troops from China and Southeast Asia.
While many Japanese military leaders quailed at the prospect of going to war with the United States, Tojo convinced them that acceding to American demands would be a humiliating diplomatic defeat.

6. Causes… The U.S. demanded that Japan withdraw from China and Indochina
Japan thought that attacking the U.S. would provide them an easy win, and a territory with abundant land and resources to rule once they were victorious.
The U.S. oil embargo against Japan was hurting Japan’s economy

8. USS Arizona

9. Major Combatants Japan United States
Fleet of 6 Aircraft Carriers under the command of Admiral Nagumo and Admiral Yamamoto
Aerial Assault Force under the command of Mitsuo Fuchida
United States
- Pearl Harbor Naval/Army Base under the command of Admiral Husband E. Kimmel and Lt. General Walter C. Short

11. * Why did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor? *
The ENTIRE Pacific fleet was stationed at Pearl Harbor; the Japanese felt that if they could cripple the Pacific fleet, it would allow them to move freely throughout the Pacific ocean! (Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere)

12. (as noted by the U.S. Navy)
Battle Sequence
5 PHASE ATTACK BY JAPANESE…
(as noted by the U.S. Navy)
PHASE 1: Combined torpedo plane and dive bomber attacks lasting from 7:55 a.m. to 8:25 a.m.
PHASE 2: Lull in attacks lasting from 8:25 - 8:40 a.m.
PHASE 3: Horizontal bomber attacks from 8:40 – 9:15 a.m.
PHASE 4: Dive bomber attacks between 9:15-9:45 a.m.
PHASE 5: Warning of attacks and completion of raid after 9:45 a.m.

13. * How did the Japanese battle fleet fly nearly 3,900 miles undetected across the Pacific Ocean???
* Six aircraft carriers, two battleships, two cruisers, and nine destroyers traveled under strict radio silence and screened from view by a large weather front! (came within two hundred miles of the Hawaiian Islands)
On November 26, 1941, a Japanese task force (the Striking Force) of six aircraft carriers (Akagi, Kaga, Sōryū, Hiryū, Shōkaku, and Zuikaku) departed northern Japan en route to a position northwest of Hawaii, intending to launch its aircraft to attack Pearl Harbor. In all, 408 aircraft were intended to be used: 360 for the two attack waves, 48 on defensive combat air patrol (CAP), including nine fighters from the first wave…

14. The Attack!
Photograph taken from a Japanese plane during the torpedo attack on ships moored on both sides of Ford Island shortly after the beginning of the Pearl Harbor attack. View looks about east, with the supply depot, submarine base and fuel tank farm in the right center distance.
A torpedo has just hit USS West Virginia on the far side of Ford Island (center). Other battleships moored nearby are (from left): Nevada, Arizona, Tennessee (inboard of West Virginia), Oklahoma (torpedoed and listing) alongside Maryland, and California.
On the near side of Ford Island, to the left, are light cruisers Detroit and Raleigh, target and training ship Utah and seaplane tender Tangier. Raleigh and Utah have been torpedoed, and Utah is listing sharply to port.
Japanese planes are visible in the right center (over Ford Island) and over the Navy Yard at right. U.S. Navy planes on the seaplane ramp are on fire.
Japanese writing in the lower right states that the photograph was reproduced by authorization of the Navy Ministry.

17. Eyewitness Account Commander Mitsuo Fuchida
“Veering right toward the west coast of the island, we could see that the sky over Pearl Harbor was clear. Presently the harbor itself bacame visible across the central Oahu plain, a film of morning mist hovering over it. I peered intently through my binoculars at the ships riding peacefully at anchor. One by one I counted them. Yes, the battleships were there all right, eight of them! But our last lingering hope of finding any carriers prestent was now gone. Not one was to be seen.”

18. Warfare Used During Attack
Japan
81 Fighter Planes
135 Dive Bombers
104 Horizontal Bombers
40 Torpedo Planes
At least 5 Midget Submarines

19. The Attack!
* Morning of Dec. 7, 183 torpedo bombers and dive-bombers took off from the Japanese fleet (250 miles NW of Hawaii)
* The Japanese attacked in two waves (first wave, primary attack – second wave, the finisher!)
The first wave was detected by U.S. Army radar, but was misidentified as USAAF (United States Army Air Force)
bombers arriving from the American mainland!

22. Warfare (continued) United States
108 Fighter Planes (59 not available for flight)
35 Army Bombers (27 not available for flight)
993 Army/Navy Antiaircraft Guns

24. Casualties Japan United States Less then 100 men 29 planes
5 midget submarines
United States
2,335 servicemen killed, 68 civilians killed, 1,178 wounded
188 planes
18 ships (8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, 3 destroyers, 4 other vessels)

27. USS Arizona Burning: 1,100+ servicemen died on the ship

28. Eyewitness Account Marine Corporal E.C. Nightingale
“I was about three quarters of the way to the first platform on the mast when it seemed as though a bomb struck our quarterdeck. I could hear shrapnel or fragments whistling past me. As soon as I reached the first platform, I saw Second Lieutenant Simonson lying on his back with blood on his shirt front. I bent over him…He was dead…”

30. Eyewitness Account Lt. Ruth Erickson, USN (Nurse)
“The first patient came into our dressing room at 8:25 a.m. with a large opening in his abdomen and bleeding profusely. They started an intravenous and transfusion. I can still see the tremor of Dr. Brunson’s hand as he picked up the needle. Everyone was terrified. The patient died within the hour.”

32. Effects/Outcome
Japan dealt a seemingly crippling blow to the U.S. Pacific fleet (U.S. Pacific Fleet aircraft carriers: Lexington, Enterprise, & Saratoga were not in port)
Japan began their quest for a Pacific empire
The U.S. finally was forced to join World War II (“The Sleeping Giant was awakened”)
The U.S. & Great Britain declare war on Japan (Dec. 8, 1941)
Germany & Italy declare war on the U.S. (Dec. 11, 1941)

34. Aerial View of USS Arizona Memorial: The USS Arizona Memorial seen from above. The memorial was built on top of the sunken remains of the Arizona. Much of the hull remains and oil continues to slowly leak into the water
USS Arizona Memorial

35. December 8, 1941 FDR Speech
“Yesterday, Dec. 7, A date which will live in infamy – the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.”
FDR Infamy Speech