1. Presented by Duyen Le and Brian Nguyen
Disproportionate effect of prostate cancer in African Americans as compared to the general population of MA
Presented by Duyen Le and Brian Nguyen

2. What is Prostate Cancer?
Develops when cells in the prostate proliferate uncontrollably
Found only in males
Most commonly diagnosed cancer in MA between 2007 and
Types of prostate cancers 13
Adenocarcinomas (most common)
Sarcomas
Small cell carcinomas
Neuroendocrine tumors
Transitional cell carcinomas

3. Prostate Cancer: Risk Factors
Age-Specific Incidence Rates for Prostate Cancer in MA,
Age Range
Rate per 100,000
0-4
0.1
45-49
45.7
5-9 −
50-54
163.6
10-14
55-59
317.6
15-19
60-64
521.9
20-24
65-69
720.4
25-29
70-74
728.7
30-34
75-79
570.9
35-39
0.5
80-84
354.0
40-44
10.8
85+
349.2
Risk Factors
Age 11
Rarely diagnosed in men under 40
Incidence rises rapidly with age
Median age at diagnosis: 68
Family history 7
Highly heritable
Inherited risk estimated to be as high as 60%
Race/ethnicity 6
Significantly higher among Black males

4. Prostate Cancer Health Disparity in MA
Disproportionate burden among Black, non- Hispanics (NH) than other races
From 2005 to 2009, highest incidence rates of all cancer types in Black, NH males: per 100,000 3
Significantly elevated rate of prostate cancer in Black males: per 100,000
times significantly higher death rates for Black in comparison to White males 3
46.5 for Blacks vs for Whites per 100,000

5. Prostate Cancer Statistics in MA

6. Prostate Cancer Statistics in MA

7. Factors Contributing to the Health Disparity
Socioeconomic status (SES) 2,12
Health insurance coverage 2,12
Access to health care services 2,12
Physician-patient relationship and continuity of care 2,12
Nutrition and health

8. Low Socioeconomic Status
Lower SES associated with higher risk
Factors associated with SES contribute to differences in cancer incidence and mortality within racial and ethnic groups
Less likely to be educated about prostate cancer

9. Barriers to Health Care
Lack of health insurance coverage
3% of White adults aged were uninsured, compared 7% of their Black counterparts 5
Unequal access to health care services
Higher percentages of Black MA residents tended to report not having a personal health care provider than White MA residents 12

10. Less Continuity with Primary Care Physicians
Black patients:
Were less likely to seek a health care professional for further tests when they see abnormal screening results
Expressed less trust in their primary care physicians 12

11. Nutrition and Health Exact roles remain unclear Obesity and diet
Lack of access to affordable fresh and local fruits and vegetables
Consuming a lot of red meat or high fat-dairy products appears slightly increases chances of developing cancer
Lack of physical activity
Smoking

12. Strategies for Closing the Gap
Increase the diversity of health care professionals and train physicians to provide culturally-competent care
Extend service hours for health care professionals to accommodate patients who are unable to visit due to schedule
Provide additional support for patients to participate in screenings and receive treatment

13. Educating the Community
Prostate Health Education Network 9
Mission
To eliminate the African American prostate cancer disparity
Includes efforts to increase support and resources that will lead to a cure for prostate cancer
Initiatives
PHEN Survivor Network
Monthly Support Group Meetings
Mosaic’s Barbershop Outreach in Worcester, MA

14. Conclusion Prostate cancer is treatable
Highest incidence and mortality rates in MA among Black males
Initiatives
Educating minorities
Encouraging individuals to seek screening
Providing mental and social support
Factors causing the health disparity
Low SES
Poor nutrition and health
Lack of access to medical services
Poor relationship with physicians

15. References
"2012 Top Ten Cancers." United States Cancer Statistics. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 June 2016.
"Cancer Health Disparities." National Cancer Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 June 2016.
CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY IN MASSACHUSETTS 2005 – 2009: STATEWIDE REPORT. Rep. N.p.: n.p., Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Massachusetts - Statewide Report Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Dec Web. 22 June 2016.
CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY IN MASSACHUSETTS 2009 – 2013: STATEWIDE REPORT. Rep. N.p.: n.p., Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Massachusetts : Statewide Report. Massachusetts Department of Public Health, June Web. 22 June 2016.
Chapter 3: Health Care Access. Rep. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 June 2016.
"Genetics of Prostate Cancer (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version." National Cancer Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 June 2016.
Hjelmborg, Jacob B., et al. "The heritability of prostate cancer in the Nordic Twin Study of Cancer." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention (2014):
"Massachusetts Cancer Statistics." Health and Human Services - Mass.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 June 2016.
"PHEN Mission & Initiatives." Prostate Health Education Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 June 2016.
"Poverty Rate By Race/Ethnicity." Kaiser Family Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 June 2016.
"Prostate Cancer Risk in African Americans." Harvard Prostate Knowledge. N.p., 03 Nov Web. 17 June 2016.
Talcott, James A., et al. "Hidden barriers between knowledge and behavior." Cancer (2007):
"What Is Prostate Cancer?" American Cancer Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 June 2016.