1. ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Drugs which can Elevate Mood (Mood Elevators)

2. Definitions
Affective disorders - mental illnesses characterized by pathological changes in mood (not thought – compare with schizophrenia)
Unipolar disorders
Depression – pathologically depressed mood.
Mania – excessive elation and accelerated psychomotor activity (rare)
Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive illness) – „cycling mood“
severe highs (mania) and lows (depressive episodes)

3. It is common & normal emotion in which people becoming depressed as a result of unfortunate domestic and social conditions, sometimes the depression is disproportionate to precipitating factors or there may be no obvious cause at all.

4. Clinical presentation:
Emotional symptoms:
Sadness.
Hopelessness.
Loss of interest in usual activities.
Feeling of guilt.
Physical symptoms
Fatigue
Sleep disturbance
Pain (especially headache)
Appetite disturbance ↑or ↓

5. Intellectual or cognitive symptoms
Decreased ability to concentrate or slow thinking
Confusion
Poor memory for recent events.
Reduced self-esteem & self-confidence.
Ideas or acts of self harm or suicide.

6. What is the cause of depression?
Monoamine theory
Suggests that depression results from functionally deficient monoamine neurotransmitters (Norepinephrine (NE) &/or Serotonin (5-HT)) in the CNS.
Therefore, in the treatment we try to ↑ the level of these neurotransmitters

7. Major classes of anti-depressants:
1.Reuptake inhibitors
A. Selective serotonin(5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
e.g. Fluoxitine
B. Selective norepinephrine(NE) reuptake inhibitors
e.g. Reboxitine
C. None Selective NE/5-HT reuptake inhibitors(TCAs)
e.g. Imipramine ,Amitriptyline

8. 2. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
e.g. Phenelzine
3. Atypical antidepressants
e.g. Mirtazapine

9. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
MOA
Inhibit reuptake mechanism which is responsible for termination of the synaptic action of NE & 5-HT in the brain

10. Blocking of receptors:TCAs also block muscarinic,serotonin,histamine,
α-adrenergic responsible of S/Es
Examples: Imipramine, Amitriptyline

11. Therapeutic uses 1.Major depression
2.Some panic disorder respond to TCAs
3.Imipramine has been used to control bed-wetting in children (older than 6 years).

12. Disadvantages / Side Effects
Often effective in reducing panic attacks and elevating depressed mood.
Usually a single daily dose
Anticholinergic : dry mouth, blurred vision constipation, urinary retension
Antihistaminergic : Sedation
Alpha blockade : Postural hypotension

13. S/Es
Antimuscarinic: constipation, blurred vision, urinary retention, dry mouth
Sedation
Postural hypotension
Arrhythmias
Weight gain

14. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
MOA :Blocks serotonin reuptake only
Examples: Fluoxetine
SSRIs have little activity
to block muscarinic,
histamine H1,
α-adrenergic receptors
& relatively safe in
over dose

15. Therapeutic uses
1.Primary indication is depression
2.Obsessive compulsive disorders
3.Fluoxetine is effective in treating bulimia nervosa.
Unwanted effects:
In combination with MAOIs ,SSRIs can result in “serotonin syndrome”

16. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
MOA: Inactivate monoamine oxidase A & B enzymes, permitting neurotransmitter molecules to escape degradation (↑ NE & 5-HT levels)
MAO is a mitochondrial enzymein the brain,
gut and liver.
Example: phenelzine

17. MOA of MAO inhibitors

18. Indicated for depressed patients who are unresponsiveness or allergic to TCAs
Because of their risk for drug & drug food interaction, MAOIs are considered
to be the last line agents.
S/Es:
Hypertensive reaction may occur in patients taking MAO inhibitors and consume Tyramine containing food (“cheese reaction”)
(as aged cheeses, beer, red wines)

19. Pharmacology of theTyramine Reaction
MAO-A
Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (inactive)
Norepinephrine (NE) displacement
Non-Selective MAO Inhibitor
Sympathomimetic
Response
( Blood Pressure) NE X NE
Tyramine
MAO-A NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

20. A persistent headache is often a warning of rising blood pressure in patients on MAOIs..

21. Drug Choice
Comparisons of the antidepressants showed that they are roughly equivalent in efficacy.
Individual patients may respond better to one drug than to another.
SSRIs are not sedative, safe in overdose and have mild adverse effects so they are widely prescribed.
Finding the right drug and the right dose must be accomplished empirically.

22. Bipolar Disorder - image

23. Bipolar Disorder - image

24. Drugs used in Mania – Mood Stabilizers
The main goal of pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder is to reduce the frequency & severity of fluctuations in mood.
Lithium Carbonate
Alternative Drugs:
Carbamazepine
Sodium Valproate
Bipolar disorders are special category of disorders which where there is mood swing from depression to mania. This special category is treated by Mood stabilizers. Lithium – instead of NaCl in cardiac patient caused severe intoxication. 24

25. It is Teratogenic. Mood stabilizing drugs e.g Lithium salts
Therapeutic uses: used prophylactically for treating manic-depressive disorder & in the treatment of mania.
It is Teratogenic.

26. Has a narrow therapeutic index, frequency & severity of adverse reactions is directly related to the serum levels.
Monitoring plasma concentration is essential, especially in presence of renal disease.
Main unwanted effects: tremor, hypothyroidism, thirst & polyuria.

27. Different preparations of lithium vary in their bioavailability and patients should receive only one preparation. they should maintain a reasonable fluid intake.
Record cards are available for patients taking lithium.

28. Think Positive!
Thank You