1. Investment
Generally investment means purchase of shares/ stocks and investing capital in such activities which yield income.
But Keynes defines investment differently
Investment
Buying stocks and shares of an existing company is called Financial Investment. But when new machines are purchased or new factory premises is set up, it is called real investment. Real investment results in increase of income and employment.
Financial Investment
Real Investment

2. Definitions of Investment
According to Stonier and Hague, “ By investment we do not mean the purchase of existing paper security, bonds, debentures or equity, but the purchase of new factories, machines and like.
Best definition is by Peterson. He says, “ Investment expenditure includes expenditure for producer’s durable equipment, new construction and the change of inventories.”

3. Classification of Investment
Induced Investment
Autonomous investment
Private Investment
Public Investment
Gross Investment
Net Investment
Intended/Ex-ante/Planned/voluntary Investment
Unintended/Ex-post/Unplanned/Involuntary Investment

4. Induced Investment
Such investment is governed by income and profit. So it is income or profit elastic.
Prof Kieser says, “ When an increase in investment is due to increase in current level of income and production, it is known as induced investment.
Prof Kurihara says that at very low levels of income this investment may be negative. Y I
Investment
Income X I

5. Autonomous investment
It is independent of level of income or output. It is made with the aim of introducing new techniques, new inventions etc.
Such investment is made for economic development or defence sector of the country. Y
Investment I I o
Income X

6. It is made by the government of the country.
Private Investment
Public Investment
Made by private individuals with the aim of profits.
Depends on MEC and rate of interest
If MEC is greater than R more investment will be made. Otherwise no investment. Also known as induced investment
It is made by the government of the country.
Objective: Welfare of people, defence of country and economic development.
Not profit induced

7. t
Gross Investment
Net Investment
The total expenditure incurred on capital goods at any given time in a economy
GI= Net I+ Replacement I
Peterson says, “ Replacement investment is that investment which maintains intact a given stock of capital.
It is that investment as a result of which there is increase in capital stock.
Peterson-net investment is investment that enlarges economy’s stock of real capital assets thereby adding to productive capacity.

8. Ex-ante Investment
Ex-post Investment
It is made voluntarily, according to definite plan, to achieve a given objective.
Such investment is generally done by government to achieve the target of employment generation of economic growth.
It is done involutarily by investors. Many a times due sudden fall in demand the stocks may plummet. So investment in such stocks is against will of investor.

9. Propensity to Invest ( I/Y)
Average Propensity to Invest
Marginal Propensity to Invest
It is the ratio of total investment to total income.
API=I/Y
It is the ratio of change in investment to change in income
If income increases by rs 10 crore and as a result investment increases by 5 crore, then MPI=5/10=.5

10. Determinants of induced investment
In private sector, inducement to invest is influenced by two determinants- MEC and rate of interest
MEC: It stands for expected rate of profitabilty when one more unit of capital is employed. MEC depends upon two factors- Prospective yield and supply price
Prospective yield: PY is calculated by aggregating net income of every year of a machine through out its life time. To estimate net income, cost is deducted from annual output of machine.
Supply Price: It is the cost of the machine. But not the cost of existing machine but that of a brand new machine.

11. MEC can be found by deducting supply price from PY
MEC can be found by deducting supply price from PY. As supply remains fixed, so MEC is more influenced by PY which is uncertain.
Rate of Interest: “Interest is the reward for parting with liquidity” Keynes. Higher the rate of interest, greater will be the keenness on the part of people to part with liquidity. LP also affects rate of interest.
Greater the LP, higher will b the rate of interest.

12. He will make investment if MEC is greater than rate of interest.
Every entrepreneur compares MEC with rate of interest while making investment.
He will make investment if MEC is greater than rate of interest.
If they are equal, it will be breakeven point. Y
MEC=R R R E
MEC & rate of interest
MEC x O
Investment

13. Factors affecting investment
Technological Advancement and innovation
Discovery of natural resources
Government policies
Foreign trade
Political Environment
Expectations
Rate of population growth
Territorial Expansion
The price level
The market structure
Availability of finance
Conditions in the labour market
Aggregate Demand

14. Measures to stimulate Investment
Private Investment
Public Investment
Reduction in rate of interest
Reduction in taxes
0f wage cut
Increase in govt. expenditure
Price support policy
Promotion of research
Pump pricing
Taxation
Loans
Deficit financing