1. Assignment on Ruby Laser
Made By: Rahul
Submitted To: Prof. Mahender Singh

2. Introduction
A ruby laser is a solid-state laser that uses a synthetic ruby crystal as its gain medium.
It was the first type of laser invented, and was first operated by Theodore H. "Ted" Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories on
The ruby mineral (corundum) is aluminum oxide with a small amount(about 0.05%) of chromium which gives it its characteristic pink or red color by absorbing green and blue light. The ruby laser is The ruby laser is used as a pulsed laser, producing red light at nm. After receiving a pumping flash from the flash tube, the laser light emerges for as long as the excited atoms persist in the ruby rod, which is typically about a millisecond.

3. HISTORY
In 1960, the first working laser was built by T.H. Maiman of the Mughes Air Craft Company, using ruby crystal. The gem Ruby is made up of Al2O3 with various impurities e.g., pink ruby contains about o.o5 percent Cr atoms. The colour of the ruby crystal depends on the contents of chromium in it.

4. Historical importance
A pulsed ruby laser was used for the famous laser ranging experiment which was conducted with a corner reflector placed on the Moon by the Apollo astronauts. This determined the distance to the Moon with an accuracy of about 15 cm. a three level solid state laser.

5. Ruby crystals are grown in special furnaces, then annealed and shaped into rods of length around 5 to 30 cm and diameter around 0.2 to 2 cm. The ends of this synthetic ruby crystal rod are flat, on of which is completely silvered and the other is partially silvered.
Thus the two ends form a resonance cavity in which light intensity can build up by multiple reflections. From the partially transmitting side the fraction of light will leak out of the resonant system. This transmitted light is the output of the laser.
Usually the light transmission coefficient of the partially reflecting end face of the ruby rod is about 10 to 25 percent.
The ruby crystal is placed inside a Xenon flash lamp. It is further connected to the capacitor, which discharges a few thousand joules of energy in a few milliseconds. Only a small part of the energy of the energy is used in pumping and rest of the energy goes to heat the apparatus.
Thus ruby crystal is placed inside the glass tube through which the cold water is made to flow, which acts like cooling system.

6. The energy absorbed by the ruby crystal is in the form of blue and green radiations, which excites the chromium ions, resulting in their excitation to an energy level inside the band E3~ 5600 Ǻ and the absorption band has a width nearly 800 Ǻ. The chromium ions make a very fast non-radiative transition from the excited state to metastable state. These ions can stay for longer period producing population inversion. Once a state of population inversion Is achieved, laser action is triggered by spontaneously emitted photons. Because of multiple reflections in the cavity, the coherent radiation thus grows.

8. Laser construction
The active laser medium (laser gain/amplification medium) is a synthetic ruby rod. Ruby is an aluminum oxide crystal in which some of the aluminum atoms have been replaced with chromium atoms(0.05% by weight). Chromium gives ruby its characteristic red color and is responsible for the lasing behavior of the crystal. Chromium atoms absorb green and blue light and emit or reflect only red light. For a ruby laser, a crystal of ruby is formed into a cylinder.
The rod's ends had to be polished with great precision, such that the ends of the rod were flat to within a quarter of a wavelength of the output light, and parallel to each other within a few seconds of arc. The finely polished ends of the rod were silvered: one end completely, the other only partially. The rod with its reflective ends then acts as a Fabry-Pérot etalon (or a Gires-Tournois etalon).
A xenon lamp is rolled over ruby rod and is used for pumping ions to excited state.

9. Working of ruby laser
Ruby laser is based on three energy levels. The upper energy level E3 I short-lived, E1 is ground state, E2 is metastable state with lifetime of sec.

10. When a flash of light falls on ruby rod, radiations of wavelength are absorbed by Cr3+ which are pumped to E3.

11. In metastable state , the concentration of ions increases
The ions after giving a part of their energy to crystal lattice decay to E2 state undergoing radiation less transition.
Metastable state
In metastable state , the concentration of ions increases
while that of E1 decreases. Hence,population inversion is achieved.

12. A spontaneous emission photon by Cr3+ ion at E2 level initiates the stimulated emission by other Cr3+ ions in metastable state
Metastable state
1.79 eV

13. Application
Ruby lasers have declined in use with the discovery of better lasing media. They are still used in a number of applications where short pulses of red light are required. Holographers around the world produce holographic portraits with ruby lasers, in sizes up to a metre squared.
Many non-destructive testing labs use ruby lasers to create holograms of large objects such as aircraft tires to look for weaknesses in the lining.
Ruby lasers were used extensively in tattoo and hair removal

14. Drawbacks of Ruby laser
The laser requires high pumping power because the laser transition terminates at the ground state and more than half of ground state atoms must be pumped to higher state to achieve population inversion.
The efficiency of ruby laser is very low because only green component of the pumping light is used while the rest of components are left unused.
The laser output is not continuos but occurs in the form of pulses of microseconds duration.
The defects due to crystalline inperfection are also present in this laser.